CentraleSupélec, Paris Saclay University, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
ESTIA Institute of Technology, Bidart, France.
Work. 2022;73(s1):S15-S30. doi: 10.3233/WOR-220268.
Human-machine teaming (HMT) typically combines perspectives from systems engineering, artificial intelligence (AI) and human-centered design (HCD), to achieve human systems integration (HSI) through the development of an integrative systems representation that encapsulates human and machine attributes and properties.
The study explores the main factors contributing to performance, trust and collaboration between expert human operators and increasingly autonomous machines, by developing and using the PRODEC method. PRODEC supports HSI by improving the agile HCD of advanced sociotechnical systems at work, which qualify as human-machine teamwork.
PRODEC incorporates scenario-based design and human-in-the-loop simulation at design and development time of a sociotechnical system. It is associated with the concept of digital twin. A systemic representation was developed and used, associated with metrics for the evaluation of human-machine teams.
The study is essentially methodological. In practice, PRODEC has been used and validated in the MOHICAN project that dealt with the integration of pilots and virtual assistants onboard advanced fighter aircraft. It enabled the development of appropriate metrics and criteria of performance, trust, collaboration, and tangibility (i.e., issues of complexity, maturity, flexibility, stability, and sustainability), which were associated with the identification of emergent functions that help redesign and recalibrate the air combat virtual assistant as well as fighter pilot training.
PRODEC addresses the crucial issue of how AI systems could and should influence requirements and design of sociotechnical systems that support human work, particularly in contexts of high uncertainty. However, PRODEC is still work in progress and advanced visualization techniques and tools are needed to increase physical and figurative tangibility.
人机协作（HMT）通常结合系统工程、人工智能（AI）和以人为中心的设计（HCD）的观点，通过开发一种综合系统表示法来实现人机系统集成（HSI），该表示法封装了人和机器的属性和特性。
本研究通过开发和使用 PRODEC 方法，探索了导致专家人类操作员和日益自主机器之间的性能、信任和协作的主要因素。PRODEC 通过改进先进社会技术系统的敏捷 HCD 来支持 HSI，这些系统符合人机协作的条件。
PRODEC 在社会技术系统的设计和开发阶段结合基于场景的设计和人机在回路模拟。它与数字孪生的概念相关联。开发并使用了一种系统表示法，并结合了用于评估人机团队的指标。
该研究本质上是方法论的。在实践中，PRODEC 已在 MOHICAN 项目中得到应用和验证，该项目涉及在先进战斗机上整合飞行员和虚拟助手。它使适当的性能、信任、协作和可触知性（即复杂性、成熟度、灵活性、稳定性和可持续性问题）的指标和标准得以制定，这些标准与识别新兴功能相关联，这些功能有助于重新设计和重新校准空战虚拟助手以及战斗机飞行员培训。
PRODEC 解决了人工智能系统如何以及应该影响支持人类工作的社会技术系统的要求和设计的关键问题，特别是在高度不确定的情况下。然而，PRODEC 仍在进行中，需要先进的可视化技术和工具来增加物理和形象的可触知性。
