Solvent-Induced Swelling Behaviors of Microphase-Separated Polystyrene--Poly(ethylene oxide) Thin Films Investigated Using In Situ Spectroscopic Ellipsometry and Single-Molecule Fluorescence Microscopy.

Block copolymers have attracted considerable interest in the fields of nanoscience and nanotechnology because these polymers afford well-defined nanostructures via self-assembly. An in-depth understanding of solvent effects on the physicochemical properties of these microdomains is crucial for their preparation and utilization. Herein, we employed in situ spectroscopic ellipsometry and single-molecule fluorescence techniques to gain detailed insights into microdomain properties in polystyrene--poly(ethylene oxide) (PS--PEO) films exposed to ethanol- and water-saturated N. We observed a quick increase and a subsequent gradual decrease in the ellipsometric thickness of PS--PEO films upon exposure to ethanol-saturated N. This observation was unexpected because ethanol-saturated N induced negligible thickness change for PS and PEO homopolymer films. The similarity in maximum thickness gain observed under ethanol- and water-saturated N implied the swelling of PEO microdomains. Ethanol vapor permeation through the PEO microdomains was supported by the redshift of the ensemble and single-molecule fluorescence emission of Nile red in PS--PEO films. Single-molecule tracking data showed the initial enhancement and subsequent reduction of the diffusion of hydrophilic sulforhodamine B molecules in PS--PEO films upon exposure to ethanol-saturated N, consistent with the spectroscopic ellipsometry results. The higher ethanol susceptibility of the PEO microdomains was attributable to their amorphous nature, as shown by FTIR data.