Department of Medical Biology, Laboratory of Human Milk and Lactation Research at Regional Human Milk Bank in Holy Family Hospital, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
Department of Internal Medicine, Hypertension and Vascular Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
J Hum Nutr Diet. 2023 Jun;36(3):798-809. doi: 10.1111/jhn.13100. Epub 2022 Nov 13.
The impact of maternal diet on mineral concentration in human milk (HM) remains unclear. The main aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between maternal dietary intake and calcium and phosphorus concentrations in HM. Furthermore, we aimed to evaluate the intake of both minerals by exclusively breastfed infants.
HM samples were obtained from 30 mothers at 6-8 weeks postpartum. Each mother was asked to express pre- and postfeeding milk four times during a 24-h period (6.00-12.00, 12.00-18.00, 18.00-24.00, 24.00-6.00). Maternal dietary assessment was based on a food frequency questionnaire and 3-day dietary records. Analysed minerals were determined using an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (NexION 300D ICP mass spectrometer, Perkin Elmer SCIEX).
The mean concentrations of calcium and phosphorus in HM samples were 278.7 ± 61.0 and 137.1 ± 21.9 mg/L, respectively, maintaining 2:1 ratio by weight. The concentration of both minerals was correlated with each other (r = 0.632, p = <0.001). The infants' mean calcium intake was 149.53 ± 36.41 mg/L, and their mean phosphorus intake was 74.62 ± 19.41 mg/L. The risk of insufficient intake of calcium was reported in 60% of infants (n = 18). Spearman's/Pearson's correlation coefficients did not reveal any correlations between HM calcium concentration and maternal diet, contrary to HM phosphorus concentration, which was positively correlated with energy (r = 0.369, p = 0.045), total protein (r = 0.464, p = 0.01), calcium (r = 385, p = 0.036), phosphorus (r = 501, p = 0.005), niacin (p < 0.001) and pyridoxine (r = 382, 0.037) intake. However, in multivariable analysis we observed that maternal dietary intake of both minerals had a positive influence on their concentration in HM.
Maternal calcium and phosphorus intake influenced the concentration of both minerals in HM; however, the relationship was rather weak. In addition, we observed that calcium intake by most of the exclusively breastfed infants was insufficient to meet the recommended daily intake.
母体饮食对人乳（HM）中矿物质浓度的影响尚不清楚。本研究的主要目的是调查母体饮食摄入与 HM 中钙和磷浓度之间的关系。此外，我们旨在评估纯母乳喂养婴儿对这两种矿物质的摄入量。
在产后 6-8 周时，从 30 位母亲那里获得 HM 样本。每位母亲被要求在 24 小时内分 4 次表达喂奶前和喂奶后的乳汁（6.00-12.00、12.00-18.00、18.00-24.00、24.00-6.00）。母体饮食评估基于食物频率问卷和 3 天饮食记录。使用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪（NexION 300D ICP 质谱仪，Perkin Elmer SCIEX）测定分析矿物质。
HM 样本中钙和磷的平均浓度分别为 278.7±61.0 和 137.1±21.9 mg/L，按重量比维持 2:1 的比例。两种矿物质的浓度彼此相关（r=0.632，p<0.001）。婴儿的平均钙摄入量为 149.53±36.41mg/L，平均磷摄入量为 74.62±19.41mg/L。报告 60%（n=18）的婴儿存在钙摄入不足的风险。斯皮尔曼/皮尔逊相关系数没有显示 HM 钙浓度与母体饮食之间的任何相关性，而 HM 磷浓度与能量（r=0.369，p=0.045）、总蛋白（r=0.464，p=0.01）、钙（r=0.385，p=0.036）、磷（r=0.501，p=0.005）、烟酸（p<0.001）和吡哆醇（r=0.382，0.037）摄入呈正相关。然而，在多变量分析中，我们观察到母体对这两种矿物质的饮食摄入对其在 HM 中的浓度有积极影响。
母体钙和磷的摄入影响 HM 中这两种矿物质的浓度；然而，这种关系相当微弱。此外，我们观察到大多数纯母乳喂养的婴儿的钙摄入量不足以满足推荐的每日摄入量。
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