Carpio Antonio J, García Marta, Hillström Lars, Lönn Mikael, Carvalho Joao, Acevedo Pelayo, Bueno C Guillermo
Grupo de Sanidad y Biotecnología (SaBio), Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos, (IREC UCLM-CSIC-JCCM), 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain.
Faculty of Biological Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
Animals (Basel). 2022 Sep 21;12(19):2521. doi: 10.3390/ani12192521.
Native wild boar () populations are expanding across Europe. This is cause for concern in some areas where overabundant populations impact natural ecosystems and adjacent agronomic systems. To better manage the potential for impacts, managers require more information about how the species may affect other organisms. For example, information regarding the effect of wild boar on soil fungi for management application is lacking. Soil fungi play a fundamental role in ecosystems, driving essential ecological functions; acting as mycorrhizal symbionts, sustaining plant nutrition and providing defense; as saprotrophs, regulating the organic matter decomposition; or as plant pathogens, regulating plant fitness and survival. During autumn (Sep-Nov) 2018, we investigated the effects of wild boar (presence/absence and rooting intensity) on the abundance (number of individuals) of fungal sporocarps and their functional guilds (symbiotic, saprotrophic and pathogenic). We selected eleven forested sites (400-500 × 150-200 m) in central Sweden; six with and five without the presence of wild boar. Within each forest, we selected one transect (200 m long), and five plots (2 × 2 m each) for sites without wild boar, and ten plots for sites with boars (five within and five outside wild boar disturbances), to determine the relationship between the intensity of rooting and the abundance of sporocarps for three fungal guilds. We found that the presence of wild boar and rooting intensity were associated with the abundance of sporocarps. Interestingly, this relationship varied depending on the fungal guild analyzed, where wild boar rooting had a positive correlation with saprophytic sporocarps and a negative correlation with symbiotic sporocarps. Pathogenic fungi, in turn, were more abundant in undisturbed plots (no rooting) but located in areas with the presence of wild boar. Our results indicate that wild boar activities can potentially regulate the abundance of fungal sporocarps, with different impacts on fungal guilds. Therefore, wild boar can affect many essential ecosystem functions driven by soil fungi in boreal forests, such as positive effects on energy rotation and in creating mineral availability to plants, which could lead to increased diversity of plants in boreal forests.
欧洲本土野猪种群正在不断扩张。在一些地区，这引发了人们的担忧，因为野猪数量过多会对自然生态系统和相邻的农业系统造成影响。为了更好地管理潜在影响，管理人员需要更多关于该物种如何影响其他生物的信息。例如，目前缺乏关于野猪对土壤真菌影响的信息以供管理应用。土壤真菌在生态系统中发挥着基础性作用，驱动着重要的生态功能；作为菌根共生体，维持植物营养并提供防御；作为腐生菌，调节有机物分解；或作为植物病原体，调节植物健康和生存。2018年秋季（9月至11月），我们研究了野猪（存在与否及拱土强度）对真菌子实体丰度（个体数量）及其功能类群（共生、腐生和致病）的影响。我们在瑞典中部选择了11个森林区域（400 - 500×150 - 200米）；其中6个有野猪，5个没有野猪。在每个森林中，对于没有野猪的区域，我们选择了一条样带（200米长）和5个样方（每个2×2米），对于有野猪的区域，选择了10个样方（5个在野猪活动干扰范围内，5个在干扰范围外），以确定三种真菌类群的拱土强度与子实体丰度之间的关系。我们发现野猪的存在和拱土强度与子实体丰度相关。有趣的是，这种关系因所分析的真菌类群而异，野猪拱土与腐生子实体呈正相关，与共生子实体呈负相关。相反，致病真菌在未受干扰的样方（无拱土）中数量更多，但位于有野猪存在的区域。我们的结果表明，野猪活动可能会调节真菌子实体的丰度，对真菌类群有不同影响。因此，野猪会影响北方森林中由土壤真菌驱动的许多重要生态系统功能，例如对能量循环产生积极影响以及为植物创造矿物质可利用性，这可能会导致北方森林中植物多样性增加。
