Early calcium and cardiac contraction defects in a model of phospholamban R9C mutation in zebrafish.

The phospholamban mutation Arg 9 to Cys (R9C) has been found to cause a dilated cardiomyopathy in humans and in transgenic mice, with ventricular dilation and premature death. Emerging evidence suggests that phospholamban R9C is a loss-of-function mutation with dominant negative effect on SERCA2a activity. We imaged calcium and cardiac contraction simultaneously in 3 and 9 days-post-fertilization (dpf) zebrafish larvae expressing plnb in the heart to unveil the early pathological pathway that triggers the disease. We generated transgenic zebrafish lines expressing phospholamban wild-type (Tg(myl7:plnb)) and phospholamban R9C (Tg(myl7:plnb)) in the heart of zebrafish. To measure calcium and cardiac contraction in 3 and 9 dpf larvae, Tg(myl7:plnb) and Tg(myl7:plnb) fish were outcrossed with a transgenic line expressing the ratiometric fluorescent calcium biosensor mCyRFP1-GCaMP6f. We found that Plnb raised calcium transient amplitude, induced positive inotropy and lusitropy, and blunted the β-adrenergic response to isoproterenol in 3 dpf larvae. These effects can be attributed to enhanced SERCA2a activity induced by the Plnb mutation. In contrast, Tg(myl7:plnb) larvae at 9 dpf exhibited ventricular dilation, systolic dysfunction and negative lusitropy, hallmarks of a dilated cardiomyopathy in humans. Importantly, N-acetyl-L-cysteine rescued this deleterious phenotype, suggesting that reactive oxygen species contribute to the pathological pathway. These results also imply that dysregulation of calcium homeostasis during embryo development contributes to the disease progression at later stages. Our in vivo model in zebrafish allows characterization of pathophysiological mechanisms leading to heart disease, and can be used for screening of potential therapeutical agents.