Synergistic effect of CO and PM emissions from coal consumption and the impacts on health effects.

China put forward that it would strive to achieve the carbon peaking in 2030 and carbon neutrality goals in 2060, which needed realizing the synergistic effect of pollution reduction and CO reduction. CO and PM from coal consumption were "homogenous and synchronous" and they had significant synergistic effect. The synergistic reduction of PM from coal consumption could have impacts on public health. The Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index (LMDI) was adopted to decompose the PM from coal consumption in China from 2012 to 2017 based on data availability and quantified the synergy. PM emissions from coal consumption were forecasted in 2030, 2035, 2050 and 2060, and its health effects of PM were estimated. The main conclusions were: (1) the synergy of CO and PM was the largest contribution factor of PM from coal consumption. (2) PM from coal consumption in 2060 would achieve the WHO air quality guidelines. (3) The most health effects economic loss from PM generated by coal consumption in China was in 2014. The health effects economic loss would have been decreased to negative by 2050. We should reinforce the synergistic effect of CO and PM, improve energy efficiency and optimize energy structure to achieve PM pollution control and reduce health effects economic loss.