Department of Real Estate and Construction, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, The University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518057, China.
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022 Oct 18;19(20):13425. doi: 10.3390/ijerph192013425.
We performed personal PM monitoring involving 56 adult residents in Hong Kong. Additionally, paired personal and residential indoor fine particle (PM) samples were collected from 26 homes and from 3 fixed monitoring locations (i.e., outdoor samples). Six PM-bound phthalate esters (PAEs)-including dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP), butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP), di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), and di-n-octyl phthalate (DnOP)-were measured using a thermal desorption-gas chromatography/mass spectrometer method. Average ∑PAEs (i.e., summation of six PAE congeners) concentrations in personal PM exposure (699.4 ng/m) were comparable with those in residential indoors (646.9 ng/m), and both were slightly lower than the outdoor levels. DEHP was the most abundant PAE congener (80.3%-85.0%) and found at the highest levels in different exposure categories, followed by BBP, DnBP, and DnOP. Strong correlations were observed between DEHP with DnBP (: 0.81-0.90; < 0.01), BBP (: 0.81-0.90; < 0.01), and DnOP (: 0.87-0.93; < 0.01) in each exposure category. However, no apparent intercorrelations were shown for PAE congeners. Higher indoor concentrations and a stronger correlation between DMP and DEP were found compared with outdoor concentrations. Principal component analysis affirmed heterogeneous distribution and notable variations in PAE sources across different exposure categories. The average daily intakes of ∑PAEs and DEHP via inhalation were 0.14-0.17 and 0.12-0.16 μg/kg-day for adults in Hong Kong. A time-weighted model was used to estimate PAE exposures incorporating residential indoor and outdoor exposure and time activities. The inhalation cancer risks attributable to measured and estimated personal exposure to DEHP exceeded the U.S. EPA's benchmark (1 × 10). The results provide critical information for mitigation strategies, suggesting that PAEs from both ambient and indoor sources should be considered when exploring the inhalation health risks of PAEs exposure.
我们对香港的 56 名成年居民进行了个人 PM 监测。此外，还从 26 个家庭和 3 个固定监测点（即户外样本）收集了个人和住宅室内细颗粒物（PM）的配对样本。使用热解吸-气相色谱/质谱法测量了六种与 PM 结合的邻苯二甲酸酯（PAEs），包括邻苯二甲酸二甲酯（DMP）、邻苯二甲酸二乙酯（DEP）、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯（DnBP）、邻苯二甲酸丁基苄基酯（BBP）、邻苯二甲酸二（2-乙基己基）酯（DEHP）和邻苯二甲酸二正辛酯（DnOP）。个人 PM 暴露中的∑PAEs（即六种 PAE 同系物的总和）浓度（699.4ng/m）与住宅室内浓度（646.9ng/m）相当，均略低于户外水平。DEHP 是最丰富的 PAE 同系物（80.3%-85.0%），在不同的暴露类别中含量最高，其次是 BBP、DnBP 和 DnOP。在每个暴露类别中，DEHP 与 DnBP（r=0.81-0.90；<0.01）、BBP（r=0.81-0.90；<0.01）和 DnOP（r=0.87-0.93；<0.01）之间存在很强的相关性。然而，在 PAE 同系物之间没有显示出明显的相关性。与户外浓度相比，室内浓度较高，DMP 和 DEP 之间的相关性较强。主成分分析证实，不同暴露类别中 PAE 来源的分布不均且差异显著。香港成年人通过吸入摄入的∑PAEs 和 DEHP 的日均摄入量为 0.14-0.17μg/kg-day 和 0.12-0.16μg/kg-day。使用时间加权模型来估计包含住宅室内和室外暴露以及时间活动的 PAE 暴露。由于测量和估计的个人 DEHP 暴露而导致的吸入致癌风险超过了美国环保署的基准（1×10）。结果为减轻策略提供了重要信息，表明在探索 PAE 暴露的吸入健康风险时，应同时考虑环境和室内来源的 PAEs。
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