School of Water Resources and environmental Engineering, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, 330013, China; Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of the Causes and Control of Atmospheric Pollution, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, 330013, China.
School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
Chemosphere. 2024 Apr;353:141564. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141564. Epub 2024 Feb 26.
In recent years, the atmospheric pollution caused by phthalate esters (PAEs) has been increasing due to the widespread use of PAE-containing materials. Existing research on atmospheric PAEs lacks long-term continuous observation and samples from cities in central China. To investigate the pollution characteristics, sources, and health risks of PAEs in the ambient air of a typical city in central China, daily PM samples were collected in Nanchang from November 2020 to October 2021. In this study, the detection and quantification of six significant PAE contaminants, namely diethyl phthalate (DEP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP), diisobutyl phthalate (DIBP), Di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), di-n-octyl phthalate (DnOP), and diisodecyl phthalate (DIDP), were accomplished using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. The results revealed that the concentrations of DEP, DnBP, DEHP, and DnOP were relatively high. Higher temperatures promote the volatilization of PAEs, leading to an increase in the gaseous and particulate PAE concentrations in warm seasons and winter pollution scenarios. The results of principal component analysis show that PAEs mainly come from volatile products and polyvinylchloride plastics. Using positive matrix factorization analysis, it is shown that these two sources contribute 67.0% and 33.0% in atmosphere PAEs, respectively. Seasonally, the contribution of volatile products to both gaseous and particulate PAEs substantially increases during warm seasons. The residents in Nanchang exposed to PAEs have a negligible non-cancer risk and a potential low cancer risk. During the warm seasons, more PAEs are emitted into the air, which will increase the toxicity of PAEs and their impact on human health.
近年来，由于含邻苯二甲酸酯（PAE）材料的广泛使用，PAE 造成的大气污染日益严重。现有关于大气 PAE 的研究缺乏对中国中部城市的长期连续观测和样本。为了研究中国中部典型城市环境空气中 PAE 的污染特征、来源和健康风险，本研究于 2020 年 11 月至 2021 年 10 月在南昌采集了每日 PM 样品。在这项研究中，使用气相色谱和质谱法对六类重要的 PAE 污染物（即邻苯二甲酸二乙酯（DEP）、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯（DnBP）、邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯（DIBP）、邻苯二甲酸二（2-乙基己基）酯（DEHP）、邻苯二甲酸二正辛酯（DnOP）和邻苯二甲酸二异癸酯（DIDP））进行了检测和定量。结果表明，DEP、DnBP、DEHP 和 DnOP 的浓度相对较高。较高的温度促进了 PAE 的挥发，导致在温暖季节和冬季污染情景中气态和颗粒态 PAE 浓度增加。主成分分析的结果表明，PAE 主要来自挥发性产物和聚氯乙烯塑料。采用正矩阵因子分析表明，这两个来源分别对大气 PAE 贡献 67.0%和 33.0%。季节上，挥发性产物对温暖季节气态和颗粒态 PAE 的贡献显著增加。南昌居民暴露于 PAE 下的非致癌风险可忽略不计，潜在致癌风险较低。在温暖季节，更多的 PAE 排放到空气中，这将增加 PAE 的毒性及其对人类健康的影响。
