Department of Chemistry, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, 125004, India.
Department of Agronomy, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, 125004, India.
Ecotoxicology. 2022 Nov;31(9):1426-1440. doi: 10.1007/s10646-022-02600-z. Epub 2022 Oct 27.
Pyriproxyfen is a pyridine-based insecticide used for pest control in fruits and vegetables. It is a potent endocrine disruptor and hormone imitator. Considering its potential hazards to non-target organisms and the associated environment, a lab study was conducted for assessing persistence, mobility in sandy loam soil and associated risk to various non-target organisms and soil enzymes. Pyriproxyfen formulation was applied at 0.05 and 0.10 µg g soil which was equivalent to recommended and double dose of 100 and 200 g a.i. ha, respectively. Three methods namely QuEChERS, liquid-solid extraction (LSE) and matrix solid phase dispersion (MSPD) were compared for achieving efficient sample preparation. MSPD was applied for final analysis as it gave better recoveries (94.2 to 104.3%) over other methods with limits of detection and quantification (LOD and LOQ) as 0.0001 and 0.0005 µg g, respectively. Dissipation followed first order kinetics with half-lives of 7.6 and 8.2 days in both doses but residues retained over 45 days in soil. Leaching studies conducted at 50 and 100 µg of pyriproxyfen showed extremely poor leaching potential. Retention of over 90% residues in top 5 cm soil surface indicated minimal threat of ground and surface water contamination. Toxicological study demonstrated very different behaviour toward different enzymatic activities. Pyriproxyfen was relatively toxic for alkaline phosphatase and fluorescein diacetate hydrolase enzymes. β-glucosidase activity was triggered whereas arylsulfatase activity remained unaffected. Unacceptable risk to soil invertebrates at double dose application clearly indicated that its longer persistence in soil could be toxic to other non-target organisms and needs further investigations.
吡丙醚是一种用于水果和蔬菜害虫防治的吡啶类杀虫剂。它是一种有效的内分泌干扰物和激素模拟物。考虑到其对非靶标生物和相关环境的潜在危害，进行了一项实验室研究，以评估其在沙壤土中的持久性、迁移性以及对各种非靶标生物和土壤酶的相关风险。吡丙醚制剂以 0.05 和 0.10μg·g-1 土壤的浓度施用于土壤，分别相当于推荐剂量和 100 和 200g·a.i.·ha 的两倍剂量。为了实现有效的样品制备，比较了三种方法，即 QuEChERS、液-固萃取（LSE）和基质固相分散（MSPD）。由于 MSPD 比其他方法具有更好的回收率（94.2%至 104.3%），且检出限和定量限（LOD 和 LOQ）分别为 0.0001 和 0.0005μg·g-1，因此最终选择 MSPD 用于最终分析。在两种剂量下，消解均遵循一级动力学，半衰期分别为 7.6 和 8.2 天，但在土壤中残留超过 45 天。在 50 和 100μg 吡丙醚的淋溶研究中，表现出极差的淋溶潜力。在表层 5cm 土壤中，超过 90%的残留量表明，对地下水和地表水的污染威胁极小。毒理学研究表明，吡丙醚对不同酶活性表现出非常不同的行为。吡丙醚对碱性磷酸酶和荧光素二乙酸酯水解酶相对有毒。β-葡萄糖苷酶活性被触发，而芳基硫酸酯酶活性不受影响。在两倍剂量应用时，对土壤无脊椎动物的不可接受风险表明，其在土壤中的更长持久性可能对其他非靶标生物有毒，需要进一步调查。
