Sympathetic skin response as an objective tool to estimate stimulus-associated arousal in a human model of hyperalgesia.

BACKGROUND

Pain is a private experience, whose assessment relies on subjective self-reporting. Inaccurate communication renders pain evaluation unreliable in individuals with alteration of consciousness, lack of verbal interaction, cognitive dysfunction or simple malingering, hence the importance of developing reliable objective assessment tools.

OBJECTIVES

Since pain is associated with autonomic arousal, here we used readouts of autonomic activity to assess objectively the arousing effect of somatic stimuli in a human model of hyperalgesia.

METHODS

We used topical capsaicin to induce cutaneous hypersensitivity in the right arm of 20 healthy volunteers, and recorded sympathetic skin responses (SSR) and numerical perceptive ratings (NRS) to stimulation of the sensitized region and its homologous contralateral site, using brush (Aβ), pinprick (Aδ) and laser (C-Warmth) stimuli.

RESULTS

Both subjective ratings and SSRs were significantly enhanced to stimulation of the sensitized region, and their respective ratios of maximal enhancement were positively correlated. At individual level, a significant association was observed between SSR and NRS behavior (χ2(1)= 11.03; p < 0.001), with a positive predictive value of 87% (CI95 [77-97%]) for SSR increase predicting enhancement of subjective reports. A "lie experiment" asking subjects to simulate elevated NRS failed to enhance SSRs. Significant habituation of SSRs appeared when stimuli were repeated at ∼15s intervals, hence decreasing their negative predictive value when several consecutive stimuli were averaged (NPV=46%; CI95 [30-62%]).

CONCLUSION

The SSR may represent a rapid and reliable procedure to assess cutaneous hypersensitivity, simple to use in clinical practice and resistant to simulation. Rapid habituation is a drawback that can be countered by using few repetitions and low stimulus rates.