Oberauer Klaus
Department of Psychology.
J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn. 2022 Dec;48(12):1754-1774. doi: 10.1037/xlm0001199. Epub 2022 Nov 3.
Longer free time between presentation of verbal list items often leads to better immediate serial recall. The present series of three experiments demonstrates that this beneficial effect of time is more general than has been known: It is found for verbal items presented visually and auditorily (Experiments 1 and 2), and also when people engage in concurrent articulation during presentation, thereby preventing rehearsal (Experiment 3). The effect of time is to improve memory most strongly for the later part of the list, contrary to what is predicted from the assumption that time between items is used to bolster memory traces of already encoded items through rehearsal, refreshing, or elaboration. The data are compatible with a ballistic form of short-term consolidation, and with the assumption that encoding an item into working memory partially depletes a limited resource, which is replenished over time. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
在呈现言语列表项目之间有更长的自由时间通常会带来更好的即时系列回忆。目前的这一系列三个实验表明，时间的这种有益影响比已知的更为普遍：在视觉和听觉呈现言语项目时都能发现这种影响（实验1和实验2），而且当人们在呈现过程中进行同时发声，从而阻止复述时也能发现（实验3）。时间的影响是对列表的后半部分记忆提升最为显著，这与项目之间的时间被用于通过复述、刷新或 elaboration 来强化已编码项目的记忆痕迹这一假设所预测的情况相反。这些数据与短期巩固的一种弹道形式相符，也与将一个项目编码到工作记忆中会部分耗尽有限资源且该资源会随时间得到补充这一假设相符。（PsycInfo 数据库记录 (c) 2023 美国心理学会，保留所有权利）
