Tavares Mariana Rosolen, Frazao Renata, Donato Jose
Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
Department of Anatomy, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
J Endocrinol. 2022 Dec 12;256(1). doi: 10.1530/JOE-22-0159. Print 2023 Jan 1.
Growth hormone (GH) is secreted by the anterior pituitary gland and plays a key role in controlling tissue and body growth. While basal GH secretion is considerably reduced along adulthood and aging, several situations of metabolic stress can lead to robust increases in circulating GH levels. The objective of the present review is to summarize and discuss the importance of GH regulating different physiological functions in situations of metabolic stress, including prolonged food restriction, hypoglycemia, exercise, pregnancy, and obesity. The presented data indicate that GH increases hunger perception/food intake, fat mobilization, blood glucose levels, and insulin resistance and produces changes in energy expenditure and neuroendocrine responses during metabolic challenges. When all these effects are considered in the context of situations of metabolic stress, they contribute to restore homeostasis by (1) helping the organism to use appropriate energy substrates, (2) preventing hypoglycemia or increasing the availability of glucose, (3) stimulating feeding to provide nutrients in response to energy-demanding activities or to accelerate the recovery of energy stores, and (4) affecting the activity of neuronal populations involved in the control of metabolism and stress response. Thus, the central and peripheral effects of GH coordinate multiple adaptations during situations of metabolic stress that ultimately help the organism restore homeostasis, increasing the chances of survival.
生长激素（GH）由垂体前叶分泌，在控制组织和身体生长方面发挥关键作用。虽然随着成年和衰老，基础生长激素分泌会显著减少，但几种代谢应激情况可导致循环生长激素水平大幅升高。本综述的目的是总结和讨论生长激素在代谢应激情况下调节不同生理功能的重要性，这些情况包括长期食物限制、低血糖、运动、怀孕和肥胖。所呈现的数据表明，生长激素会增加饥饿感/食物摄入量、脂肪动员、血糖水平和胰岛素抵抗，并在代谢挑战期间引起能量消耗和神经内分泌反应的变化。当在代谢应激情况下考虑所有这些效应时，它们通过以下方式有助于恢复体内平衡：（1）帮助机体利用合适的能量底物；（2）预防低血糖或增加葡萄糖的可利用性；（3）刺激进食以提供营养，以应对能量需求活动或加速能量储备的恢复；（4）影响参与代谢控制和应激反应的神经元群体的活动。因此，生长激素的中枢和外周效应在代谢应激情况下协调多种适应性变化，最终帮助机体恢复体内平衡，增加生存机会。
