Beiranvand H, Ahmadi F, Tahmasbi R, Farokhzad M R, Ariana M, Ghaffari M H
Chaltasian Agri.-Animal Production Complex, Varamin, Tehran, 33751-13111, Iran.
Department of Eco-Friendly Livestock Science, Institute of Green Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang 25354, Gangwon-do, Korea.
JDS Commun. 2022 Jul 9;3(5):317-321. doi: 10.3168/jdsc.2021-0194. eCollection 2022 Sep.
This study examined the effects of frequency of feeding high-solids milk and milk replacer (MMR) blend combined with dry matter (DM) content of starter feed on the performance of dairy calves. Forty-eight Holstein calves (40.2 ± 3.33 kg of body weight) were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatments in a completely randomized design. Based on a combination of 2 MMR feeding frequencies (once versus twice daily) and 2 starter DM levels (91.1 and 50% DM), 4 treatments were designed as (1) once daily + dry starter feed (OD), (2) once daily + wet starter feed (OW), (3) twice daily + dry starter feed (TD), and (4) twice daily + wet starter feed (TW). The amount of milk replacer powder added to whole milk was adjusted at each feeding frequency to ensure that calves received similar solids from the MMR blend via the twice-daily (total solids = 18.6%) or once-daily (total solids = 31.0%) programs. Starter intake in the preweaning period did not differ between treatments (average 0.39 kg of DM/d), but the postweaning starter intake was greater in calves fed the wet starter (OW and TW) than in those fed the dry starter (OD and TD). Calves receiving the high-solids MMR blend twice versus once daily grew faster before weaning, which was reflected by a greater weaning weight in the TD and TW groups (88.9 kg) than in the OD and OW groups (83.2 kg). The daily growth rate after weaning did not differ between treatments and averaged 1.15 kg/d. Gain-to-feed ratio during the preweaning period was greater in calves from TD and TW (mean 0.67) than in calves from the OD or OW groups (mean 0.58). Postweaning gain-to-feed ratio was not different among treatments and averaged 0.38. Days to first diarrhea and duration of diarrhea (4.66 ± 0.38), as well as days that animals were treated with antibiotics, remained unaffected with treatments. Although preweaning body weight gain was lower with once-daily milk feeding, calves were twice as heavy at weaning as at birth in both milk feeding programs regardless of starter moisture content, which may qualify the once-daily milk feeding program as a cost-effective management strategy in commercial calf-rearing operations. Feeding solutions with a high solids content (above 15%) may be associated with an increased risk of abomasal bloat and should be used with caution.
本研究考察了高固体含量牛奶与代乳粉（MMR）混合物的投喂频率以及犊牛开食料干物质（DM）含量对犊牛生长性能的影响。48头荷斯坦犊牛（体重40.2±3.33千克）采用完全随机设计，被随机分配到4种处理中的1种。基于2种MMR投喂频率（每日1次和每日2次）和2种开食料DM水平（91.1%和50% DM）的组合，设计了4种处理：（1）每日1次+干开食料（OD），（2）每日1次+湿开食料（OW），（3）每日2次+干开食料（TD），（4）每日2次+湿开食料（TW）。在每种投喂频率下，调整添加到全脂牛奶中的代乳粉量，以确保犊牛通过每日2次（总固体含量=18.6%）或每日1次（总固体含量=31.0%）的方案从MMR混合物中获得相似的固体物质。断奶前各处理组的开食料摄入量无差异（平均0.39千克DM/天），但断奶后，饲喂湿开食料（OW和TW）的犊牛开食料摄入量高于饲喂干开食料（OD和TD）的犊牛。断奶前，每日2次投喂高固体含量MMR混合物的犊牛比每日1次投喂的犊牛生长更快，这体现在TD组和TW组（88.9千克）的断奶体重高于OD组和OW组（83.2千克）。断奶后各处理组的日生长率无差异，平均为1.15千克/天。断奶前，TD组和TW组犊牛的增重/采食量比（平均0.67）高于OD组或OW组（平均0.58）。断奶后各处理组的增重/采食量比无差异，平均为0.38。首次腹泻天数和腹泻持续时间（4.66±0.38）以及使用抗生素治疗的天数不受处理影响。尽管每日1次喂奶时断奶前体重增加较低，但在两种喂奶方案中，无论开食料含水量如何，犊牛断奶时的体重都是出生时的两倍，这可能使每日1次喂奶方案成为商业犊牛饲养操作中一种具有成本效益的管理策略。饲喂高固体含量（高于15%）的溶液可能会增加真胃臌气的风险，应谨慎使用。
