Histological Preparation and Evaluation of Cartilage Specimens.

In this chapter, an introduction is given into histological techniques to research related to hyaline cartilage and subchondral bone. Emphasis is placed on the importance to investigate cartilage and bone as a unit, which includes the transition zone of the calcified cartilage and tidemark. Reasons for the appropriate selection of histological methods are presented such as when to use (decalcified) specimens for routine paraffin embedding including immunohistology, cryosections of cartilage alone, or non-decalcified specimens for embedding in polymethylmethacrylate with or without additional biomaterials. Appropriate staining methods are also outlined. Apart from detailed laboratory protocols for different embedding and staining methods including open communication about difficulties related to the various techniques, also practical instructions for state-of-the-art evaluation methods and their strengths and weaknesses are given. Sample figures for scoring methods are included.