Berhanu Ashenafi, Mutanda Ishmael, Taolin Ji, Qaria Majjid A, Yang Bin, Zhu Daochen
Biofuels Institute, School of Environmental and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China; Haramaya Institute of Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Haramaya University, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia.
Biofuels Institute, School of Environmental and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China.
Sci Total Environ. 2023 Feb 10;859(Pt 1):160010. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160010. Epub 2022 Nov 8.
Since the 1950s, copious amounts of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) (dubbed "forever chemicals") have been dumped into the environment, causing heavy contamination of soil, surface water, and groundwater sources. Humans, animals, and the environment are frequently exposed to PFAS through food, water, consumer products, as well as waste streams from PFAS-manufacturing industries. PFAS are a large group of synthetic organic fluorinated compounds with widely diverse chemical structures that are extremely resistant to microbial degradation. Their persistence, toxicity to life on earth, bioaccumulation tendencies, and adverse health and ecological effects have earned them a "top priority pollutant" designation by regulatory bodies. Despite that a number of physicochemical methods exist for PFAS treatment, they suffer from major drawbacks regarding high costs, use of high energy and incomplete mineralization (destruction of the CF bond). Consequently, microbial degradation and enzymatic treatment of PFAS are highly sought after as they offer a complete, cheaper, sustainable, and environmentally friendly alternative. In this critical review, we provide an overview of the classification, properties, and interaction of PFAS within the environment relevant to microbial degradation. We discuss latest developments in the biodegradation of PFAS by microbes, transformation routes, transformation products and degradative enzymes. Finally, we highlight the existing challenges, limitations, and prospects of bioremediation approaches in treating PFAS and proffer possible solutions and future research directions.
自20世纪50年代以来，大量的全氟和多氟烷基物质（PFAS）（被称为“永久性化学品”）被排放到环境中，导致土壤、地表水和地下水源受到严重污染。人类、动物和环境经常通过食物、水、消费品以及PFAS制造行业的废物流接触到PFAS。PFAS是一大类具有广泛不同化学结构的合成有机氟化合物，对微生物降解具有极强的抵抗力。它们的持久性、对地球上生命的毒性、生物累积趋势以及对健康和生态的不利影响，使其被监管机构列为“首要污染物”。尽管存在多种用于PFAS处理的物理化学方法，但它们存在成本高、能耗大以及矿化不完全（碳氟键破坏不完全）等主要缺点。因此，PFAS的微生物降解和酶处理备受关注，因为它们提供了一种完整、廉价、可持续且环境友好的替代方案。在这篇批判性综述中，我们概述了与微生物降解相关的环境中PFAS的分类、性质和相互作用。我们讨论了微生物对PFAS生物降解的最新进展、转化途径、转化产物和降解酶。最后，我们强调了生物修复方法在处理PFAS方面存在的挑战、局限性和前景，并提出了可能的解决方案和未来的研究方向。
