Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Dayalbagh Educational Institute (Deemed University), Dayalbagh, Agra-5, India.
Department of Physics and Computer Science, Faculty of Science, Dayalbagh Educational Institute (Deemed University), Dayalbagh, Agra-5, India.
Environ Geochem Health. 2023 Jun;45(6):3507-3520. doi: 10.1007/s10653-022-01430-6. Epub 2022 Nov 11.
The mean mass concentrations of black carbon (BC) biomass burning (BC) and fossil fuel combustion (BC) have been estimated during March-May 2020 (during the COVID-19 outbreak) and March-May 2019 at a semiarid region of Agra over the Indo-Gangetic basin region. The daily mean mass concentration of BC in 2020 and 2019 was 3.9 and 6.9 µg m, respectively. The high monthly mean mass concentration of BC was found to be 4.7, 3.4 and 3.3 µg m in Mar-2020, Apr-2020, and May-2020, respectively, whereas in Mar-2019, Apr-2019, and May-2019 was 7.7, 7.5 and 5.4 µg m, respectively. The absorption coefficient (b) and absorption angstrom exponent (AAE) of black carbon were calculated. The highest mean AAE was 1.6 in the year 2020 (Mar-May 2020) indicating the dominance of biomass burning. The mean mass concentration of fossil fuel (BC) and biomass burning (BC) is 3.4 and 0.51 µg m, respectively, in 2020 whereas 6.4 and 0.73 µg m, respectively, in 2019. The mean fraction contribution of BC with fossil fuel (BC) was 82.1 ± 13.5% and biomass burning (BC) was 17.9 ± 4.3% in 2020, while in 2019, fossil fuel (BC) was 86.7 ± 13.5% and biomass burning (BC) was 13.3 ± 6.7%. The population-weighted mean concentration of BC, fossil fuel (BC), and biomass burning (BC) has been calculated. The health risk assessment of BC has been analyzed in the form of attributable relative risk factors and attributed relative risk during the COVID-19 outbreak using AirQ + v.2.0 model. The attributable relative risk factors of BC were 20.6% in 2020 and 29.4% in 2019. The mean attributed relative risk per 10,000,000 populations at 95% confidence interval (CI) due to BC was 184.06 (142.6-225.2) in 2020 and 609.06 (418.3-714.6) in 2019. The low attributed factor and attributed relative risk in 2020 may be attributed to improvements in air quality and a fall in the emission of BC. In 2020, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the whole country faced the biggest lockdown, ban of the transportation of private vehicles, trains, aircraft, and construction activities, and shut down of the industry leading to a fall in the impact of BC on human health. Overall, this was like a blessing in disguise. This study will help in future planning of mitigation and emission control of air pollutants in large and BC in particular. It only needs a multipronged approach. This study may be like torch bearing to set path for mitigation of impacts of air pollution and improvement of air quality.
2020 年 3 月至 5 月（COVID-19 爆发期间）和 2019 年 3 月至 5 月，在印度恒河平原地区的阿格拉半干旱地区，估算了生物质燃烧（BC）和化石燃料燃烧（BC）的黑碳（BC）的平均质量浓度。2020 年和 2019 年的每日平均 BC 质量浓度分别为 3.9 和 6.9μg/m。发现 2020 年 3 月、4 月和 5 月的每月平均 BC 质量浓度分别为 4.7、3.4 和 3.3μg/m，而 2019 年 3 月、4 月和 5 月分别为 7.7、7.5 和 5.4μg/m。计算了黑碳的吸收系数（b）和吸收 Angstrom 指数（AAE）。2020 年（2020 年 3 月至 5 月）的平均 AAE 最高为 1.6，表明生物质燃烧占主导地位。2020 年化石燃料（BC）和生物质燃烧（BC）的平均质量浓度分别为 3.4 和 0.51μg/m，而 2019 年分别为 6.4 和 0.73μg/m。2020 年，BC 与化石燃料（BC）的平均分数贡献分别为 82.1±13.5%和生物质燃烧（BC）为 17.9±4.3%，而 2019 年，化石燃料（BC）为 86.7±13.5%和生物质燃烧（BC）为 13.3±6.7%。计算了 BC、化石燃料（BC）和生物质燃烧（BC）的人口加权平均浓度。使用 AirQ+ v.2.0 模型，以归因相对风险因素和 COVID-19 爆发期间归因相对风险的形式分析了 BC 的健康风险评估。2020 年归因于 BC 的归因相对风险因素为 20.6%，2019 年为 29.4%。2020 年，每 1000 万人口归因于 BC 的平均归因相对风险为 184.06（142.6-225.2），而 2019 年为 609.06（418.3-714.6）。2020 年归因因子和归因相对风险较低，可能是由于空气质量改善和 BC 排放量下降。2020 年，由于 COVID-19 大流行，全国面临最大的封锁，私家车、火车、飞机和建筑活动的运输禁令以及工业关闭，导致 BC 对人类健康的影响下降。总的来说，这是因祸得福。本研究将有助于未来规划在大地区，特别是在 BC 地区的污染物减排和控制。它只需要一种多管齐下的方法。本研究可能是为减轻空气污染影响和改善空气质量指明道路的火炬。
