Amanollahi Mobina, Jameie Melika, Heidari Arash, Rezaei Nima
Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.
School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Mol Neurobiol. 2023 Feb;60(2):923-959. doi: 10.1007/s12035-022-03102-z. Epub 2022 Nov 16.
Adult neurogenesis occurs mainly in the subgranular zone of the hippocampal dentate gyrus and the subventricular zone of the lateral ventricles. Evidence supports the critical role of adult neurogenesis in various conditions, including cognitive dysfunction, Alzheimer's disease (AD), and Parkinson's disease (PD). Several factors can alter adult neurogenesis, including genetic, epigenetic, age, physical activity, diet, sleep status, sex hormones, and central nervous system (CNS) disorders, exerting either pro-neurogenic or anti-neurogenic effects. Compelling evidence suggests that any insult or injury to the CNS, such as traumatic brain injury (TBI), infectious diseases, or neurodegenerative disorders, can provoke an inflammatory response in the CNS. This inflammation could either promote or inhibit neurogenesis, depending on various factors, such as chronicity and severity of the inflammation and underlying neurological disorders. Notably, neuroinflammation, driven by different immune components such as activated glia, cytokines, chemokines, and reactive oxygen species, can regulate every step of adult neurogenesis, including cell proliferation, differentiation, migration, survival of newborn neurons, maturation, synaptogenesis, and neuritogenesis. Therefore, this review aims to present recent findings regarding the effects of various components of the immune system on adult neurogenesis and to provide a better understanding of the role of neuroinflammation and neurogenesis in the context of neurological disorders, including AD, PD, ischemic stroke (IS), seizure/epilepsy, TBI, sleep deprivation, cognitive impairment, and anxiety- and depressive-like behaviors. For each disorder, some of the most recent therapeutic candidates, such as curcumin, ginseng, astragaloside, boswellic acids, andrographolide, caffeine, royal jelly, estrogen, metformin, and minocycline, have been discussed based on the available preclinical and clinical evidence.
成年神经发生主要发生在海马齿状回的颗粒下区和侧脑室的室下区。有证据支持成年神经发生在各种情况下的关键作用，包括认知功能障碍、阿尔茨海默病（AD）和帕金森病（PD）。几个因素可以改变成年神经发生，包括遗传、表观遗传、年龄、身体活动、饮食、睡眠状态、性激素和中枢神经系统（CNS）疾病，发挥促神经发生或抗神经发生作用。有力的证据表明，对中枢神经系统的任何损伤或伤害，如创伤性脑损伤（TBI）、传染病或神经退行性疾病，都可引发中枢神经系统的炎症反应。这种炎症可促进或抑制神经发生，这取决于各种因素，如炎症的慢性程度和严重程度以及潜在的神经系统疾病。值得注意的是，由不同免疫成分如活化的神经胶质细胞、细胞因子、趋化因子和活性氧驱动的神经炎症可调节成年神经发生的每个步骤，包括细胞增殖、分化、迁移、新生神经元的存活、成熟、突触形成和神经突形成。因此，本综述旨在介绍关于免疫系统各种成分对成年神经发生影响的最新发现，并更好地理解神经炎症和神经发生在神经系统疾病背景下的作用，包括AD、PD、缺血性中风（IS）、癫痫发作/癫痫、TBI、睡眠剥夺、认知障碍以及焦虑和抑郁样行为。对于每种疾病，已根据现有的临床前和临床证据讨论了一些最新的治疗候选药物，如姜黄素、人参、黄芪甲苷、乳香酸、穿心莲内酯、咖啡因、蜂王浆、雌激素、二甲双胍和米诺环素。
