Emergence of biaxiality in nematic liquid crystals with magnetic inclusions: Some theoretical insights.

The biaxial phase in nematic liquid crystals has been elusive for several decades after its prediction in the 1970s. A recent experimental breakthrough was achieved by Liu et al. [Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 113, 10479 (2016)0027-842410.1073/pnas.1601235113] in a liquid-crystalline medium with magnetic nanoparticles. They exploited the different length scales of dipolar and magnetonematic interactions to obtain an equilibrium state where the magnetic moments are at an angle to the nematic director. This tilt introduces a second distinguished direction for orientational ordering or biaxiality in the two-component system. Using coarse-grained Ginzburg-Landau free-energy models for the nematic and magnetic fields, we provide a theoretical framework which allows for the manipulation of morphologies and quantitative estimates of biaxial order.