School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, P.R. China.
Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota at Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA; Department of Civil, Environmental, and Geospatial Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Michigan 49931, USA.
J Hazard Mater. 2023 Feb 15;444(Pt A):130399. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130399. Epub 2022 Nov 14.
Microcontaminants in the water environment have received increasing attention due to their adverse effects on human health and wildlife. However, iodinated X-ray contrast media (ICM), a type of microcontaminants, have not yet been systematically documented in source and tap water. This study investigated ICM in water samples via a sampling activity from 25 drinking water sources and their corresponding 30 household taps in south-central Jiangsu Province, China. The total concentrations of ICM ranged from 14.2 to 138.5 ng/L in source water and 3.7 to 101.3 ng/L in tap water, respectively. The calculated average water treatment efficiency to remove ICM is 38.3% with large variation under different processes (ranging from 7.3% to 75.7%), which implied that ICM could not be effectively removed using current treatment technologies. By integrating other ICM into the predominant compound iohexol with relative potency factors, the health risks of total ICM through water consumption were assessed using the Monte Carlo simulation. The results concluded that the risk of ingesting ICM through tap water was not a major health concern for adults, teens, or children in the study area. Nevertheless, due to the lack of long-term toxicity data relevant for humans for ICM, this risk may be underestimated, which requires further research.
由于对人类健康和野生动物的不利影响，水环境中的微污染物受到了越来越多的关注。然而，碘造影剂（ICM）作为一种微污染物，尚未在水源水和自来水中得到系统的记录。本研究通过对中国江苏省中南部 25 个饮用水水源及其相应的 30 个家庭水龙头进行采样活动，调查了水中的 ICM。水源水中 ICM 的总浓度范围为 14.2 至 138.5ng/L，自来水中的浓度范围为 3.7 至 101.3ng/L。计算得出的平均水去除 ICM 的处理效率为 38.3%，不同处理过程（7.3%至 75.7%）的变化很大，这意味着当前的处理技术无法有效去除 ICM。通过将其他 ICM 整合到主要化合物碘海醇中，并利用相对效力因子，利用蒙特卡罗模拟评估了通过饮水摄入总 ICM 的健康风险。结果表明，对于研究区域的成年人、青少年和儿童来说，通过自来水摄入 ICM 的风险不是主要的健康问题。然而，由于缺乏针对人类的长期毒性数据，这种风险可能被低估了，这需要进一步的研究。
