School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China.
Northwest Land and Resource Research Center, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China.
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022 Nov 12;19(22):14880. doi: 10.3390/ijerph192214880.
The urban heat island (UHI) is a typical environmental problem that affects people's health and restricts urban development. Understanding the cooling effect of ecological landscapes and residents' perceptions of the cooling effect can help guide urban planning and mitigate environmental risk. This study analyzed the spatiotemporal evolution of UHI in the central area of Xi'an City in 1999, 2006, 2014, and 2019, and compared the cooling effect of green space and water among 13 urban parks in 2019. Furthermore, we investigated the constraining effect of landscape patterns on UHI and residents' perceptions. Our results show that the area of moderate temperature region increased significantly in the past 20 years, and the UHI of old urban areas has been reduced. The UHI hot spots generally migrated to the northwest, and a shrinking-transferring-diffusing trend was observed across three periods (1999-2006, 2006-2014, 2014-2019). In addition, the cooling effect of parks increased with the proportion of water area, and the average cooling intensity and cooling amplitude were measured at 3.00 °C and 241.43 m, respectively. It was identified that a larger area, a longer circumference, and a more regular shape were more beneficial in reducing the urban thermal environment. Based on 325 questionnaires, we found that 73.23% of residents believed that the cooling effect of green space and water has become better in recent years, but less-educated people tended to be pessimistic about this. Among the residents, 79.08 and 40.92%, respectively, believed that the area and shape of the ecological landscape had an influence on the cooling effect. The comparison of remote sensing inversion results and questionnaire responses revealed that it is critical to incorporate residents' perceptions into urban construction planning for heat risk prevention.
城市热岛（UHI）是影响人们健康和限制城市发展的典型环境问题。了解生态景观的降温效果和居民对降温效果的感知，可以帮助指导城市规划，缓解环境风险。本研究分析了 1999 年、2006 年、2014 年和 2019 年西安市中心区 UHI 的时空演变，并比较了 2019 年 13 个城市公园中绿地和水的降温效果。此外，我们还研究了景观格局对 UHI 和居民感知的制约作用。研究结果表明，在过去的 20 年中，中温区的面积显著增加，旧城区的 UHI 已经减少。UHI 热点一般向西北迁移，呈现出三个时期（1999-2006 年、2006-2014 年、2014-2019 年）的缩小-转移-扩散趋势。此外，公园的降温效果随水域比例的增加而增加，平均降温强度和降温幅度分别为 3.00°C 和 241.43m。结果表明，更大的面积、更长的周长和更规则的形状更有利于降低城市热环境。基于 325 份问卷，发现 73.23%的居民认为近年来绿地和水的降温效果有所改善，但受教育程度较低的人对此持悲观态度。在居民中，分别有 79.08%和 40.92%的人认为生态景观的面积和形状对降温效果有影响。遥感反演结果与问卷结果的比较表明，将居民的感知纳入城市建设规划对于预防热风险至关重要。
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