Performance and Enhancement of Various Fillers Guiding Vanadium (V) Bioremediation.

Bioremediation of vanadium (V) pollution in groundwater is an emerging topic. However, knowledge of V in a biogeochemical process is limited and long-term effective removal methods are lacking. V(V) remediation processes by various kinds of auxiliary fillers (maifanite-1, maifanite-2, volcanic rock, green zeolite and ceramsite), agricultural biomass and microbial enhancing were explored in this study. In tests without inocula, the V(V) removal efficiencies of ceramsite (inert filler) and maifanite-2 (active filler) were 84.9% and 60.5%, respectively. When inoculated with anaerobic sludge, 99.9% of V(V) could be removed with the synergistic performance of straw and maifanite-2. TOC (Total Organic Carbon), trace elements and three-dimensional fluorescence analyses confirmed that maifanite-2 was the most suitable among various fillers in biological V(V) removal systems with straw. This study provides a collaborative method (adsorption-biology) by using straw with maifanite-2 in V(V)-contaminated groundwater. The knowledge gained in this study will help develop permeable reactive barrier technology to repair polluted groundwater to put forward a reasonable, effective and sustainable environmental treatment strategy.