Honeybee Research Institute, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, PR China; Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Honeybee Biology and Beekeeping, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, PR China.
Honeybee Research Institute, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, PR China; Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Honeybee Biology and Beekeeping, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, PR China.
Pestic Biochem Physiol. 2022 Nov;188:105289. doi: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2022.105289. Epub 2022 Nov 13.
Flumethrin is a highly effective acaricide, but its lipophilic characteristic has some negative effects, such as accumulation in bee hives and bee products. However, studies on the survival stress of honey bees subsequent to chronic flumethrin exposure are limited. To answer this question, a study was carried out on the stress to honey bee (Apis mellifera) workers from larvae to adults by chronic exposure to sublethal concentrations of flumethrin. Three flumethrin treatment groups (1, 0.1, 0.01 mg/L) and one control group (with no added flumethrin) were established and divided the worker larvae into four groups. Then, starting with 2-day-old larvae, larvae and subsequent emerged worker bees of the four groups were orally fed with the corresponding concentrations of flumethrin until all the adult worker bees died, respectively. When the concentration was at 0.01 mg/L of flumethrin, the lifespan of adult worker bees decreased, and a down-regulation of detoxification-related genes (CYP450,GSTS) was induced in 1-day-old pupae. When it is at 0.1 mg/L flumethrin, the lifespan of adult worker bees was again shortened, and down-regulation of memory-related genes (GluRA1, Nmdar1, Tyr1) in 1-day-old pupae and gene Tyr1 in 1-day-old worker bees, detoxification-related genes (CYP450,GSTS) in 1-day-old pupae, and immunity genes (Defensin1, Hymenoptaecin) in 7-day-old worker bees were observed. When the concentration is at 1 mg/L flumethrin, lighter birth weight of newly emerged honeybee was found and deficiencies in olfactory learning and memory were observed in 7-day-old worker bees. Memory-related genes (GluRA1, Nmdar1, Tyr1) were down-regulated in 1-day-old pupae and genes (Nmdar1,Tyr1)in 1-day-old worker bees, as were detoxification-related genes (CYP450,GSTS) in 1-day-old pupae and gene CPY450 in 7-day-old worker bees, and immune genes (Defensin1, Hymenoptaecin) in 7-day-old worker bees. There was no significant difference in pupal weight, capping rate, emergence rate, expression of immune-related genes of 1-day-old pupae, expression of immune-related genes and detoxification-related genes of 1-day-old worker bees, expression of memory-related genes and detoxification-related gene GSTS of 7-day-old worker bees. These data provide an ominous warning about the unintended consequences on apiaries, and underscore the need for careful control of flumethrin residues in bee hives.
四氟醚菊酯是一种高效的杀螨剂，但它的亲脂性特征有一些负面影响，如在蜂箱和蜂产品中积累。然而，关于慢性接触四氟醚菊酯后蜜蜂的生存应激的研究是有限的。为了回答这个问题，我们对蜜蜂（Apis mellifera）工蜂幼虫至成虫期慢性暴露于亚致死浓度的四氟醚菊酯进行了应激研究。建立了三个四氟醚菊酯处理组（1、0.1、0.01mg/L）和一个对照组（未添加四氟醚菊酯），并将工蜂幼虫分为四组。然后，从 2 日龄幼虫开始，用相应浓度的四氟醚菊酯口服喂养四组幼虫和随后出现的工蜂，直至所有成年工蜂死亡。当四氟醚菊酯浓度为 0.01mg/L 时，成年工蜂的寿命缩短，1 日龄蛹中诱导了解毒相关基因（CYP450、GSTS）下调。当四氟醚菊酯浓度为 0.1mg/L 时，成年工蜂的寿命再次缩短，1 日龄蛹中与记忆相关的基因（GluRA1、Nmdar1、Tyr1）下调，1 日龄工蜂中的基因 Tyr1，1 日龄蛹中的解毒相关基因（CYP450、GSTS）和 7 日龄工蜂中的免疫基因（Defensin1、Hymenoptaecin）下调。当四氟醚菊酯浓度为 1mg/L 时，新出现的蜜蜂的出生体重较轻，7 日龄工蜂的嗅觉学习和记忆能力缺陷。1 日龄蛹中与记忆相关的基因（GluRA1、Nmdar1、Tyr1）下调，1 日龄工蜂中的基因（Nmdar1、Tyr1）、1 日龄蛹中的解毒相关基因（CYP450、GSTS）和 7 日龄工蜂中的基因 CPY450，7 日龄工蜂中的免疫基因（Defensin1、Hymenoptaecin）下调。1 日龄蛹的蛹重、封盖率、羽化率、1 日龄蛹的免疫相关基因表达、1 日龄工蜂的免疫相关基因和解毒相关基因表达、7 日龄工蜂的记忆相关基因和解毒相关基因 GSTS 表达均无显著差异。这些数据为蜂群带来了意想不到的后果敲响了警钟，并强调需要小心控制蜂箱中的四氟醚菊酯残留。
