Internalization of the Metal-Organic Framework MIL-101(Cr)-NH by a Freshwater Alga and Transfer to Zooplankton.

The common metal-organic framework (MOF) MIL-101(Cr)-NH has attracted considerable attention due to its great potential applications in the environmental field. Nevertheless, its behavior and fate in aquatic systems are unknown. This study quantified and visualized the interactions of MIL-101(Cr)-NH with the freshwater phytoplanktonic alga and its potential trophic transfer to zooplankton. The unicellular alga absorbed and accumulated the MOF by surface attachment, forming agglomerates and eventually cosettling out from water. Bioimaging revealed that MIL-101(Cr)-NH was internalized by the algal cells and mainly occurred in the pyrenoid. Without algae in a freshwater system, MIL-101(Cr)-NH was ingested by , showing steadily increasing concentrations approaching 1-9% of dry body weight. Addition of algae substantially suppressed uptake of MIL-101(Cr)-NH by 63.8-97.9%. Such inhibition could be explained by the competitive uptake of MOF by the algae and the inductive effects of algal food on MOF elimination by . The MOF (≤1 mg/L) ingested by was centered in the gut regions, whereas large MOF or algae-MOF aggregates were adsorbed onto the carapace and appendages, including the antennae, at 10 mg/L. Overall, the algae were the major targets for MIL-101(Cr)-NH, with nearly all algal cells settling out at 10 mg/L within 24 h. The possibility of trophic transfer of MIL-101(Cr)-NH to in aquatic systems with algae present was limited due to its low accumulation potential and short retention time in .