Anatomy, Bony Pelvis and Lower Limb: Arches of the Foot

An arched foot is a distinctive feature of humans, setting them apart from other primates. The foot arches contribute to upright posture and facilitate weight bearing. The human foot contains 2 longitudinal arches, medial and lateral, and a transverse arch with anterior and posterior components that function cohesively (see . Bones Forming the Foot Arches). The tarsals and metatarsals form the arches of the foot. Ligaments, along with extrinsic and intrinsic muscles, provide additional support and stability. Of the 2 longitudinal arches, the medial arch is higher. Of the transverse arch segments, the anterior portion is complete, whereas the posterior region is half-dome-shaped and incomplete. These arches render the sole concave, producing an incomplete footprint. Arches are present from birth but may be obscured in children by the subcutaneous fat pad. The foot arches provide a flexible platform for weight support and act as a multisegmented lever during walking, running, and jumping. An arched foot absorbs shock and adapts to uneven surfaces. Deformities may result from congenital anomalies or acquired conditions, including improper footwear or prolonged use of high heels. Understanding foot arch anatomy and function helps prevent and manage injuries related to abnormal weight distribution and gait patterns.