Peripheral perfusion index in well newborns at 6 to 72 h of life at different altitudes: a multi-center study in China.

The purpose of this study is to obtain the reference range of peripheral perfusion index (PPI) of asymptomatic well newborns at 6 to 72 h of life at different altitudes. A population-based prospective cohort study was conducted in cities at different altitudes in China. Asymptomatic well newborns were enrolled consecutively from six hospitals with an altitude of 4 to 4200 m between February 1, 2020, and April 15, 2021. PPI was measured at 6, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h after birth on the right hand (pre-ductal) and either foot (post-ductal) using a Masimo SET Radical-7 oximeter. Fiftieth percentile reference curves of the pre- and post-ductal PPI values at 6-72 h after birth were generated using the Lambda Mu Sigma method. Linear mixed-effects regression was performed to determine the influence of different altitude levels on PPI values over different measurement time points. A total of 4257 asymptomatic well newborns were recruited for analysis. The median and quartile pre- and post-ductal PPI values at 6-72 h of life at different altitudes were 1.70 (1.20, 2.60) and 1.70 (1.10, 2.70) for all infants, 1.30 (1.10, 1.90) and 1.10 (0.88, 1.80) for infants at low altitude, 1.40 (1.00, 2.00) and 1.30 (0.99, 2.00) at mild altitudes, 1.90 (1.30, 2.50) and 1.80 (1.20, 2.70) at moderate altitudes, 1.80 (1.40, 3.50) and 2.20 (1.60, 4.30) for high altitudes, 3.20 (2.70, 3.70), and 3.10 (2.10, 3.30) for higher altitudes, respectively. Overall, both pre- and post-ductal PPI increased with altitude. The 50th percentile curves of pre- and post-ductal PPI values in well newborns at mild, low, moderate, and high altitudes were relatively similar, while the difference between the PPI curves of infants at higher altitudes and other altitudes was significantly different.  Conclusions: With the increase of altitude, pre- and post-ductal PPI of newborns increases. Our study obtained the PPI reference values of asymptomatic well newborns at 6 to 72 h after birth at different altitudes from 4 to ≥ 4000 m. What is Known: • Monitoring hemodynamics is very important to neonates. As an accurate and reliable hemodynamic monitoring index, PPI can detect irreversible damage caused by insufficient tissue perfusion and oxygenation early, directly, noninvasively, and continuously. What is New: • Our study obtained the PPI reference values of asymptomatic well newborns at 6 to 72 h after birth at different altitudes from 4 to ≥ 4000 m. With the increase of altitude, pre- and post-ductal PPI of newborns increase with statistical significance. Therefore, the values and disease thresholds of PPI for asymptomatic neonates should be modified according to altitudes.