U.S. Geological Survey, Columbia, SC, USA.
U.S. Geological Survey, Lawrenceville, NJ, USA.
Environ Int. 2023 Jan;171:107701. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107701. Epub 2022 Dec 15.
Bottled water (BW) consumption in the United States and globally has increased amidst heightened concern about environmental contaminant exposures and health risks in drinking water supplies, despite a paucity of directly comparable, environmentally-relevant contaminant exposure data for BW. This study provides insight into exposures and cumulative risks to human health from inorganic/organic/microbial contaminants in BW.
BW from 30 total domestic US (23) and imported (7) sources, including purified tapwater (7) and spring water (23), were analyzed for 3 field parameters, 53 inorganics, 465 organics, 14 microbial metrics, and in vitro estrogen receptor (ER) bioactivity. Health-benchmark-weighted cumulative hazard indices and ratios of organic-contaminant in vitro exposure-activity cutoffs were assessed for detected regulated and unregulated inorganic and organic contaminants.
48 inorganics and 45 organics were detected in sampled BW. No enforceable chemical quality standards were exceeded, but several inorganic and organic contaminants with maximum contaminant level goal(s) (MCLG) of zero (no known safe level of exposure to vulnerable sub-populations) were detected. Among these, arsenic, lead, and uranium were detected in 67 %, 17 %, and 57 % of BW, respectively, almost exclusively in spring-sourced samples not treated by advanced filtration. Organic MCLG exceedances included frequent detections of disinfection byproducts (DBP) in tapwater-sourced BW and sporadic detections of DBP and volatile organic chemicals in BW sourced from tapwater and springs. Precautionary health-based screening levels were exceeded frequently and attributed primarily to DBP in tapwater-sourced BW and co-occurring inorganic and organic contaminants in spring-sourced BW.
The results indicate that simultaneous exposures to multiple drinking-water contaminants of potential human-health concern are common in BW. Improved understandings of human exposures based on more environmentally realistic and directly comparable point-of-use exposure characterizations, like this BW study, are essential to public health because drinking water is a biological necessity and, consequently, a high-vulnerability vector for human contaminant exposures.
尽管瓶装水（BW）的环境相关污染物暴露数据与直接可比的饮用水供应相比相对较少，但在美国和全球范围内，人们对环境污染物暴露和饮用水供应健康风险的担忧加剧，导致瓶装水的消费增加。本研究提供了对 BW 中无机/有机/微生物污染物的暴露和对人类健康的累积风险的深入了解。
对来自 30 个美国国内（23 个）和进口（7 个）来源的 BW 进行了 3 个现场参数、53 种无机物、465 种有机物、14 种微生物指标和体外雌激素受体（ER）生物活性分析。评估了检测到的受管制和不受管制的无机和有机污染物的健康基准加权累积危害指数和有机污染物体外暴露-活性截止值的比值。
在所采样的 BW 中检测到 48 种无机物和 45 种有机物。没有超过可执行的化学质量标准，但检测到几个具有零最大污染物水平目标（MCLG）（对脆弱亚人群的暴露没有已知的安全水平）的无机和有机污染物。其中，砷、铅和铀分别在 67%、17%和 57%的 BW 中被检测到，几乎仅存在于未经过高级过滤处理的泉水源样品中。有机 MCLG 超标包括频繁检测到自来水源 BW 中的消毒副产物（DBP）和偶尔检测到自来水源和泉水 BW 中的 DBP 和挥发性有机化学品。经常超过基于健康的预防性筛选水平，主要归因于自来水源 BW 中的 DBP 和泉水源 BW 中同时存在的无机和有机污染物。
结果表明，在 BW 中同时接触多种潜在对人类健康关注的饮用水污染物是常见的。基于更具环境现实性和直接可比的点源暴露特征（如本 BW 研究）对人类暴露的理解的提高，对于公共卫生至关重要，因为饮用水是一种生物必需品，因此是人类污染物暴露的高脆弱性载体。
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