Cummings W C, Holliday D V
Oceanographic Consultants, San Diego, California 92122.
J Acoust Soc Am. 1987 Sep;82(3):814-21. doi: 10.1121/1.395279.
Sounds were recorded from bowhead whales migrating past Pt. Barrow, AK, to the Canadian Beaufort Sea. They mainly consisted of various low-frequency (25- to 900-Hz) moans and well-defined sound sequences organized into "song" (20-5000 Hz) recorded with our 2.46-km hydrophone array suspended from the ice. Songs were composed of up to 20 repeated phrases (mean, 10) which lasted up to 146 s (mean, 66.3). Several bowhead whales often were within acoustic range of the array at once, but usually only one sang at a time. Vocalizations exhibited diurnal peaks of occurrence (0600-0800, 1600-1800 h). Sounds which were located in the horizontal plane had peak source spectrum levels as follows--44 moans: 129-178 dB re: 1 microPa, 1 m (median, 159); 3 garglelike utterances: 152, 155, and 169 dB; 33 songs: 158-189 dB (median, 177), all presumably from different whales. Based on ambient noise levels, measured total propagation loss, and whale sound source levels, our detection of whale sounds was theoretically noise-limited beyond 2.5 km (moans) and beyond 10.7 km (songs), a model supported by actual localizations. This study showed that over much of the shallow Arctic and sub-Arctic waters, underwater communications of the bowhead whale would be limited to much shorter ranges than for other large whales in lower latitude, deep-water regions.
对从阿拉斯加巴罗角迁徙至加拿大波弗特海的弓头鲸进行了声音记录。声音主要由各种低频（25至900赫兹）的呻吟声以及用悬挂在冰面上的2.46千米水听器阵列记录到的、组织成“歌声”（20至5000赫兹）的清晰声音序列组成。歌声由多达20个重复乐句（平均为10个）组成，持续时间长达146秒（平均为66.3秒）。几只弓头鲸常常同时处于阵列的声学范围内，但通常一次只有一只唱歌。发声呈现出昼夜高峰（0600 - 0800、1600 - 1800时）。位于水平面的声音其峰值源谱级如下——44次呻吟声：相对于1微帕、1米为129 - 178分贝（中位数为159）；3次类似漱口的发声：152、155和169分贝；33首歌声：158 - 189分贝（中位数为177），所有这些声音据推测来自不同的鲸鱼。根据环境噪声水平、测量的总传播损耗以及鲸鱼声源水平，理论上我们对鲸鱼声音的探测在超过2.5千米（呻吟声）和超过10.7千米（歌声）时受噪声限制，这一模型得到了实际定位的支持。这项研究表明，在北极和亚北极大部分浅水区，弓头鲸的水下通讯范围比低纬度深水区域的其他大型鲸鱼要短得多。
