Saeed Muneer K, Rahman Muhammad K, Alfawzan Mohammed, Basha Shameer, Dahish Hany A
Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Qassim University, Unaizah 56452, Saudi Arabia.
Interdisciplinary Research Center for Construction and Building Materials, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran 34462, Saudi Arabia.
Materials (Basel). 2022 Dec 12;15(24):8866. doi: 10.3390/ma15248866.
The palm and date sector is one of the most important sectors in Saudi Arabia. The total number of fertile palm trees in Saudi Arabia is about 31 million. In the production of pitted dates, date molasses, date paste, and date confectionery, a considerable number of date kernels are usually discarded as waste. This study reports experimental investigations conducted to evaluate the potential of waste date kernel ash (DKA), obtained by the calcination of date pits at 800 °C, as a partial cement replacement in concrete. DKA has low silica oxide and does not qualify as a pozzolanic material. The effect of DKA partially replacing the cement and acting as a filler material in concrete was investigated, and its properties were compared with two pozzolanic materials, fly ash (FA) and natural pozzolan (NP). Twelve concrete mixes in which cement was replaced with different proportions of calcined DKA (5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 30%), NP (10%, 20%, and 30%), and FA (10%, 20%, and 30%) were investigated in the experimental program. The properties of DKA, FA, and NP concrete mixes were evaluated in fresh and hardened states, including the heat of hydration, mechanical characteristics, and thermal properties. The results show that replacing cement with 5% date kernel ash increases the compressive strength by 0.42%, 3.2%, and 2.5% at 3, 7, and 28 days, respectively, while the 28-day compressive strength decreases by 2.4%, 5.4%, 16.3%, and 26.69% when the cement is replaced with 10%, 15%, 20%, and 30% DKA, respectively. Date kernel ash concrete mixes with 10%, 20%, and 30% replacement levels demonstrated higher compressive and tensile strengths and lower thermal conductivity, density, and workability when compared to natural pozzolan and fly ash. DKA is a promising partial cement replacement material; nevertheless, additional research is required to assess the durability of DKA in concrete.
棕榈和海枣产业是沙特阿拉伯最重要的产业之一。沙特阿拉伯的可结果棕榈树总数约为3100万棵。在生产去核海枣、海枣糖浆、海枣酱和海枣糖果时，大量的海枣核通常作为废料被丢弃。本研究报告了通过在800℃煅烧海枣核获得的废弃海枣核灰（DKA）作为混凝土中部分水泥替代品潜力的试验研究。DKA的氧化硅含量低，不符合火山灰质材料的标准。研究了DKA部分替代水泥并在混凝土中作为填充材料的效果，并将其性能与两种火山灰质材料粉煤灰（FA）和天然火山灰（NP）进行了比较。在试验方案中研究了12种混凝土混合料，其中水泥被不同比例的煅烧DKA（5%、10%、15%、20%和30%）、NP（10%、20%和30%）和FA（10%、20%和30%）替代。对DKA、FA和NP混凝土混合料在新拌状态和硬化状态下的性能进行了评估，包括水化热、力学性能和热性能。结果表明，用5%的海枣核灰替代水泥时，3天、7天和28天的抗压强度分别提高了0.42%、3.2%和2.5%，而当用10%、15%、20%和30%的DKA替代水泥时，28天抗压强度分别降低了2.4%、5.4%、16.3%和26.69%。与天然火山灰和粉煤灰相比，替代水平为10%、20%和30%的海枣核灰混凝土混合料具有更高的抗压和抗拉强度，以及更低的导热系数、密度和工作性。DKA是一种有前景的部分水泥替代材料；然而，需要进一步研究来评估DKA在混凝土中的耐久性。
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