Geosciences Barcelona (GEO3BCN), CSIC, Lluis Solé i Sabarís s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
Geosciences Barcelona (GEO3BCN), CSIC, Lluis Solé i Sabarís s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
Sci Total Environ. 2023 Apr 1;867:161287. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.161287. Epub 2022 Dec 29.
Many countries have made pledges to reduce CO emissions over the upcoming decades to meet the Paris Agreement targets of limiting warming to no >1.5 °C, aiming for net zero by mid-century. To achieve national reduction targets, there is a further need for CO removal (CDR) approaches on a scale of millions of tonnes, necessitating a better understanding of feasible methods. One approach that is gaining attention is geochemical CDR, encompassing (1) in-situ injection of CO-rich gases into Ca and Mg-rich rocks for geological storage by mineral carbonation, (2) ex-situ ocean alkalinity enhancement, enhanced weathering and mineral carbonation of alkaline-rich materials, and (3) electrochemical separation processes. In this context, Spain may host a notionally high geochemical CDR capacity thanks to its varied geological setting, including extensive mafic-ultramafic and carbonate rocks. However, pilot schemes and large-scale strategies for CDR implementation are presently absent in-country, partly due to gaps in current knowledge and lack of attention paid by regulatory bodies. Here, we identify possible materials, localities and avenues for future geochemical CDR research and implementation strategies within Spain. This study highlights the kilotonne to million tonne scale CDR options for Spain over the rest of the century, with attention paid to chemically and mineralogically appropriate materials, suitable implementation sites and potential strategies that could be followed. Mafic, ultramafic and carbonate rocks, mine tailings, fly ashes, slag by-products, desalination brines and ceramic wastes hosted and produced in Spain are of key interest, with industrial, agricultural and coastal areas providing opportunities to launch pilot schemes. Though there are obstacles to reaching the maximum CDR potential, this study helps to identify focused targets that will facilitate overcoming such barriers. The CDR potential of Spain warrants dedicated investigations to achieve the highest possible CDR to make valuable contributions to national reduction targets.
许多国家承诺在未来几十年内减少二氧化碳排放，以实现《巴黎协定》将升温控制在不超过 1.5°C 的目标，并争取在本世纪中叶实现净零排放。为了实现国家减排目标，需要大规模采用二氧化碳去除（CDR）方法，需要更好地了解可行的方法。一种受到关注的方法是地球化学 CDR，包括 (1) 将富含 CO 的气体原位注入富含 Ca 和 Mg 的岩石中，通过矿物碳化进行地质储存，(2) 异位海洋碱度增强、富碱性物质的增强风化和矿物碳化，以及 (3) 电化学分离过程。在这种情况下，西班牙由于其多样的地质背景，包括广泛的镁铁质-超镁铁质和碳酸盐岩石，可能拥有理论上很高的地球化学 CDR 容量。然而，该国目前没有 CDR 实施的试点计划和大规模战略，部分原因是当前知识存在差距，监管机构也没有给予足够重视。在这里，我们确定了西班牙未来地球化学 CDR 研究和实施战略的可能材料、地点和途径。本研究强调了西班牙在本世纪剩余时间内实现千吨到百万吨规模 CDR 的选择，同时关注了化学和矿物学上合适的材料、合适的实施地点以及可能采取的潜在策略。西班牙境内蕴藏和生产的镁铁质、超镁铁质和碳酸盐岩石、矿山尾矿、粉煤灰、炉渣副产品、海水淡化卤水和陶瓷废料是关键关注点，工业、农业和沿海地区为启动试点计划提供了机会。尽管实现最大 CDR 潜力存在障碍，但本研究有助于确定重点目标，从而有助于克服这些障碍。西班牙的 CDR 潜力需要进行专门调查，以实现尽可能高的 CDR，为国家减排目标做出有价值的贡献。
