Plesek Jan, Hamill Joseph, Freedman Silvernail Julia, Skypala Jiri, Jandacka Daniel
Department of Human Movement Studies, Human Motion Diagnostic Centre, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic.
Department of Kinesiology, Biomechanics and Motor Control Laboratories, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA.
J Sports Sci. 2022 Nov;40(21):2401-2411. doi: 10.1080/02640414.2022.2162237. Epub 2023 Jan 1.
This study aimed to compare impact loading between two age groups of preschool children (3-4 and 5-6 years old) and one group of young adults representing mature level of running skill (n = 15 per group). Three-dimensional biomechanical data were collected during running barefoot, in minimalist and running shoes. A two-way mixed ANOVA was performed to assess age and footwear differences in vertical instantaneous loading rate (VILR). An interaction was found in VILR. Older (5-6) preschoolers had 30-31% lower VILR than younger (3-4) (p = 0.012, d = 1.02; p = 0.001, d = 1.18) and adults had 51-77% lower VILR than younger preschoolers (p = 0.001, d = 1.85; p = 0.001, d = 2.82) in minimalist and running shoes, respectively. Additionally, adults had lower VILR than older preschoolers in running shoes (p = 0.001, d = 2.68). No differences were found between older children and adults in barefoot and minimalist shoes. Loading decreased with increasing age, particularly in minimalist and running shoes. Unchanged cadence and running speed did not explain the decrease of VILR during preschool age. The explanation likely underlies in lower limb alignment during footstrike and developmental ontogenetic changes.
本研究旨在比较两个年龄组的学龄前儿童（3 - 4岁和5 - 6岁）与一组代表成熟跑步技能水平的年轻人之间的冲击负荷（每组n = 15）。在赤脚跑步、穿极简主义跑鞋和普通跑鞋时收集三维生物力学数据。进行双向混合方差分析以评估年龄和鞋类在垂直瞬时负荷率（VILR）方面的差异。发现VILR存在交互作用。在穿极简主义跑鞋和普通跑鞋时，年龄较大（5 - 6岁）的学龄前儿童的VILR分别比年龄较小（3 - 4岁）的学龄前儿童低30 - 31%（p = 0.012，d = 1.02；p = 0.001，d = 1.18），成年人的VILR分别比年龄较小的学龄前儿童低51 - 77%（p = 0.001，d = 1.85；p = 0.001，d = 2.82）。此外，在穿普通跑鞋时，成年人的VILR比年龄较大的学龄前儿童低（p = 0.001，d = 2.68）。在赤脚和穿极简主义跑鞋时，年龄较大的儿童和成年人之间未发现差异。负荷随着年龄增长而降低，尤其是在穿极简主义跑鞋和普通跑鞋时。步频和跑步速度不变并不能解释学龄前儿童VILR的降低。其原因可能在于着地时的下肢对线以及发育过程中的个体发生变化。
