Chromatography Laboratory, Chemistry Department, Federal University of Amazonas, Manaus, AM, Brazil.
Laboratory of Medicinal Plants and Derivatives, Department of Chemistry of Natural Products, Farmanguinhos, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
Food Res Int. 2023 Jan;163:112290. doi: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.112290. Epub 2022 Dec 5.
Ambelania duckei Markgr is a species of the Apocynaceae family, native to the Amazon region that is unexplored from a nutritional point of view and studied in relation to its chemical constituents. This work presents an unprecedented study of the proximate composition, lipid profile, a chromatographic analysis, and the antioxidant activity of extracts obtained from the pulp, peel and seeds of the fruit. The results showed that potassium, calcium, and magnesium stood out as the most abundant key minerals in the fruit peel and pulp, with an emphasis on the potassium present in the fruit pulp at 1750.0 mg/100 g. The peel had the highest content of total phenolics (374.86 mg/g), flavonoids (15.54 mg/g), tannins (27.45 mg/g) and O-diphenols (379.36 mg/g; 645.71 mg/g). The antioxidant activity (AA) was highest in the peel compared to the pulp in the DPPH, ABTS, and ORAC tests showing: IC of 29.82; 43.67; and 407.13 µg/mL, respectively but a lower activity for the Fe chelator. The analysis of the lipid fractions from the peel, pulp, and seeds of the A. duckei fruit resulted in 14 types of fatty acids. The major fatty acids found in the three parts of the fruit were oleic acid (peel, 22.52 %), palmitic acid (pulp, 17.34 %), and linoleic acid (seeds, 47.99 %). The lipid profile and nutritional aspects had a PUFA/SFA ratio (0.4-1.8) in the different parts of the A. duckei fruit; the atherogenic and thrombogenic indexes were higher in the peel (1.23) and pulp (0.62), respectively. The ratio between the hypocholesterolemic and hypercholesterolemic fatty acids (0.5 - 3.8) calculated for the fruit are within the desirable range for a nutritious food. The chromatographic analysis of the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from the peel and pulp of the fruit, identified 74 VOCs, of which 60.9 % are related to terpenes, and emit notes such as cucumber, green, fatty, floral, and mint, due to the presence of substances with OAVs > 10, especially α-ionone, 1,8-cineole, 2,4-decadienal, and dodecanal. The analysis of the MS and MS/MS spectra of the chromatograms obtained by LC- QTOF-HRMS led to the identification of 26 compounds in the peel, seeds and pulp of A. duckei, such as fatty acids, phenolic acid, flavonoids, proanthocyanidins, alkaloids, and terpenoids. The results show that the pulp of A. duckei has potential as nourishing food and the nutritional and chemical aspects of the peel can be applied to commercial applications.
安贝拉尼亚·达克伊（Ambelania duckei Markgr）是夹竹桃科的一个物种，原产于亚马逊地区，从营养角度来看，该地区尚未得到充分探索，其化学成分也有待研究。本工作对果实的果肉、果皮和种子的提取物的近缘组成、脂质分布、色谱分析和抗氧化活性进行了前所未有的研究。结果表明，钾、钙和镁是果皮和果肉中最丰富的关键矿物质，果肉中的钾含量尤其丰富，为 1750.0mg/100g。果皮中总酚（374.86mg/g）、类黄酮（15.54mg/g）、单宁（27.45mg/g）和邻二酚（379.36mg/g；645.71mg/g）的含量最高。与果肉相比，果皮的抗氧化活性（AA）在 DPPH、ABTS 和 ORAC 试验中最高，分别为：IC 为 29.82、43.67 和 407.13μg/mL，但铁螯合剂的活性较低。对 A. duckei 果实的果皮、果肉和种子的脂质成分分析得到了 14 种脂肪酸。在果实的三个部分中，主要的脂肪酸是油酸（果皮，22.52%）、棕榈酸（果肉，17.34%）和亚油酸（种子，47.99%）。不同部位的 A. duckei 果实的多不饱和脂肪酸/饱和脂肪酸（PUFA/SFA）比值为 0.4-1.8；果皮（1.23）和果肉（0.62）的致动脉粥样硬化和血栓形成指数较高。根据为有营养的食物设定的理想范围，计算出的果实中降胆固醇和升胆固醇脂肪酸的比值（0.5-3.8）在可接受范围内。果皮和果肉的挥发性有机化合物（VOCs）的色谱分析鉴定出 74 种 VOC，其中 60.9%与萜烯有关，并散发出黄瓜、绿色、脂肪、花香和薄荷等气味，这是由于存在 OAVs>10 的物质，尤其是α-紫罗兰酮、1,8-桉叶素、2,4-癸二烯醛和十二醛。通过 LC-QTOF-HRMS 获得的色谱图的 MS 和 MS/MS 谱分析，鉴定出 A. duckei 的果皮、种子和果肉中的 26 种化合物，如脂肪酸、酚酸、类黄酮、原花青素、生物碱和萜类化合物。结果表明，A. duckei 的果肉具有作为有营养的食物的潜力，果皮的营养和化学方面可应用于商业应用。
