[Potential PTSD therapeutics targeting 5-HT receptors].

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is often treated by (1) selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), (2) exposure therapy, or a combination of the two. However, while all treatments have some efficacy, they are not fully effective. It is necessary to elucidate the causes of inadequate efficacy and to direct the development of effective treatments. First, regarding (1), pharmacological studies have indicated that the 5-HT receptor is one of the receptor subtypes that interfere with the therapeutic effects of SSRIs. To compensate for nonselective effects in pharmacological manipulations, we replicated pharmacological results using mice deficient in the 5-HT receptor gene. However, since either pharmacological blockade or gene knockout of the 5-HT receptor could increase locomotor activity, the locomotor-enhancing effects make the interpretations of results difficult. Therefore, we used the conditioned lick suppression test to evaluate fear response using corrected values that consider the effects of differences in locomotor activity, thereby eliminating this possibility. Next, to address (2), we conducted fear conditioning by simultaneously presenting a composite of sound and environmental stimuli and then re-exposing the subjects to the sound and environmental stimuli separately. We found that the fear response to the sound stimuli quickly decreased, while the fear response to the environmental stimuli did not diminish even after repeated exposure. Thus, exposure therapy may exacerbate PTSD, depending on the method used. In this paper, we will introduce the above results and suggest directions for future PTSD research.