INVEST Research Flagship Center, University of Turku, Assistentinkatu 7, 20500 Turku, Finland.
J Biosoc Sci. 2023 Sep;55(5):853-872. doi: 10.1017/S0021932022000517. Epub 2023 Jan 6.
This study uses Trivers-Willard hypothesis to explain the differences in daughters' and sons' educational outcomes by parental background. According to the Trivers-Willard hypothesis (TWH), parental support and investments for sons and daughters display an asymmetrical relationship according to parental status because of the different reproductive advantage of the sexes. It predicts that high-status parents support sons more than daughters, and low-status parents support daughters more than sons. In modern societies, where education is the most important mediator of status, the TW hypothesis predicts that sons from high-status families will achieve higher educational outcomes than daughters. Using cohorts born between 1987 and 1997 from the reliable full population Finnish register data that contain the data of over 600.000 individuals, children's educational outcomes were measured using data on school dropout rate, academic grade point average (GPA), and general secondary enrollment in their adolescence. OLS and sibling fixed-effect regression that permitted an examination of opposite-sex siblings' educational outcomes within the same family were applied. Sons with high family income and parental education, compared to daughters of the same family, have lower probability of dropping out of school and are more likely to enroll into academic secondary school track. In families with low parental education or income daughters have lower probability for school dropout and enroll more likely to academic school track related to sons of the same family. The effect of family background by sex can be interpreted to support TWH in dropout and academic school track enrollment but not in GPA.
本研究利用特里弗斯-威拉德假说（Trivers-Willard Hypothesis）来解释父母背景对女儿和儿子教育成果差异的影响。根据特里弗斯-威拉德假说（TWH），由于性别在繁殖方面的优势不同，父母对儿子和女儿的支持和投资存在不对称关系。它预测高地位父母会比女儿更多地支持儿子，而低地位父母会比儿子更多地支持女儿。在现代社会中，教育是地位最重要的中介，TWH 预测高地位家庭的儿子会比女儿获得更高的教育成果。本研究使用可靠的全人口芬兰登记数据中的 1987 年至 1997 年出生的队列数据，该数据包含超过 60 万个人的数据，使用辍学率、学业平均绩点（GPA）和青少年时期的普通中等教育入学率来衡量儿童的教育成果。应用了 OLS 和兄弟姐妹固定效应回归，以便在同一家庭内检查异性兄弟姐妹的教育成果。与同一家族的女儿相比，高家庭收入和父母教育程度的儿子辍学的可能性较低，更有可能进入学术中等教育轨道。在父母教育程度或收入较低的家庭中，女儿辍学的可能性较低，更有可能进入与同一家族的儿子相关的学术学校轨道。性别背景的影响可以解释为支持 TWH 在辍学和学术学校轨道入学方面的作用，但在 GPA 方面则不支持。
