Dual-functionalized Pickering HIPE templated poly(ɛ-caprolactone) scaffold for maxillofacial implants.

High internal phase emulsion (HIPE) templated poly (ɛ-caprolactone) (PCL) scaffolds have gained widespread attention for large-sized bone defects due to its tuneable 3D architecture and ease of fabricating crosslinked PCL (cPCL) scaffolds. However, extremely high stabilizer (surfactant or nanoparticle) concentration and negligence of microenvironment for regeneration sites like alveolar bones have restrained industrial acceptance of these scaffolds. Herein, we demonstrated the fabrication of nanocomposite cPCL scaffolds within Pickering HIPE templates stabilized using modified silica nanoparticles (mSiNP) concentrations as low as 0.1 to 1.0 wt%. Using an unconventional approach, the mSiNP Pickering stabilizer was added in dispersed phase, contradicting Bancroft's rule. The colloidal stability was attained due to faster drifting of mSiNP towards the interface when it was dispersed in silicone oil. Scaffolds with tuneable properties were fabricated by controlling the mSiNP concentration and ϕ. Further, cPCL scaffolds were functionalized using clove oil (CO) to improve their efficiency in eradicating S. aureus and E. coli by disrupting their cellular integrity. Additionally, formation of biofilm on the surface of the scaffolds was successfully inhibited by the incorporation of CO. CO-functionalized scaffolds demonstrated excellent cytocompatibility towards MG-63 cells allowing their successful adhesion and proliferation on the surface of the scaffolds.