Molecular Imaging of Valvular Diseases and Cardiac Device Infection.

The use of positron emission tomography imaging with F-fluorodeoxyglucose in the diagnostic workup of patients with suspected prosthetic valve endocarditis and cardiac device infection (implantable electronic device and left ventricular assist device) is gaining momentum in clinical practice. However, in the absence of prospective randomized trials, guideline recommendations about F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography in this setting are currently largely based on expert opinion. Measurement of aortic valve microcalcification occurring as a healing response to valvular inflammation using F-sodium fluoride positron emission tomography represents another promising clinical approach, which is associated with both the risk of native valve stenosis progression and bioprosthetic valve degeneration in research trials. In this review, we consider the role of molecular imaging in cardiac valvular diseases, including aortic stenosis and valvular endocarditis, as well as cardiac device infections.