Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
Department of Psychology, Child Study Center, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA.
Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev. 2023 Jun;26(2):459-481. doi: 10.1007/s10567-023-00425-8. Epub 2023 Jan 18.
Although it is widely accepted that human beings have an ingrained 'need to belong,' there seem to be a substantial subset of young people who seclude themselves for most of the time at home and no longer engage in education or work, ultimately withdrawing from participation in society. In Japan, this phenomenon has been labeled as 'hikikomori,' but given its global presence it may be preferable to use the term 'extreme social withdrawal' (ESW). In this qualitative review, we provide a description and definition of ESW, provide figures on its prevalence, and discuss a number of associated concepts, including loneliness and "aloneliness," school absenteeism and dropout, the 'new' developmental stage of adultolescence, and the labor force categories of freeter ('freelance arbeiter') and NEET (a young person not in employment, education, or training). The core of the paper is focused on the origins of ESW in young people and provides a narrative overview of relevant etiological factors, such as aberrant brain processes, unfavorable temperament, psychiatric conditions, adverse family processes including detrimental parenting, negative peer experiences, societal pressures, and excessive internet and digital media use, which are all placed within a comprehensive developmental psychopathology framework. We will close with a discussion of possible interventions for young people with ESW and formulate a guideline that describes (the temporal order of) various components that need to be included in such a treatment.
虽然人们普遍认为人类有一种根深蒂固的“归属感需求”，但似乎有相当一部分年轻人大部分时间都把自己关在家里，不再接受教育或工作，最终退出了社会参与。在日本，这种现象被称为“蛰居族”，但鉴于其在全球的存在，使用“极端社交回避”（ESW）这个术语可能更为合适。在这篇定性综述中，我们对 ESW 进行了描述和定义，提供了其流行率的数据，并讨论了一些相关概念，包括孤独和“寂寞”、逃学和辍学、成年期的“新”发展阶段，以及自由职业者（“freelance arbeiter”）和 NEET（未就业、未接受教育或培训的年轻人）等劳动力类别。本文的核心是关注年轻人中 ESW 的起源，并对相关病因因素进行了叙述性概述，例如异常的大脑过程、不利的气质、精神状况、包括不良养育方式在内的不良家庭过程、负面的同伴经历、社会压力以及过度使用互联网和数字媒体，所有这些都被置于一个全面的发展心理病理学框架内。我们将以讨论针对 ESW 年轻人的可能干预措施结束，并制定一个描述（各种治疗组成部分的时间顺序）此类治疗中需要包含的各个组成部分的指南。
