Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden.
Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia.
J Exp Biol. 2023 Feb 15;226(4). doi: 10.1242/jeb.244895. Epub 2023 Feb 27.
The ability to visualize small moving objects is vital for the survival of many animals, as these could represent predators or prey. For example, predatory insects, including dragonflies, robber flies and killer flies, perform elegant, high-speed pursuits of both biological and artificial targets. Many non-predatory insects, including male hoverflies and blowflies, also pursue targets during territorial or courtship interactions. To date, most hoverfly pursuits have been studied outdoors. To investigate hoverfly (Eristalis tenax) pursuits under more controlled settings, we constructed an indoor arena that was large enough to encourage naturalistic behavior. We presented artificial beads of different sizes, moving at different speeds, and filmed pursuits with two cameras, allowing subsequent 3D reconstruction of the hoverfly and bead position as a function of time. We show that male E. tenax hoverflies are unlikely to use strict heuristic rules based on angular size or speed to determine when to start pursuit, at least in our indoor setting. We found that hoverflies pursued faster beads when the trajectory involved flying downwards towards the bead. Furthermore, we show that target pursuit behavior can be broken down into two stages. In the first stage, the hoverfly attempts to rapidly decreases the distance to the target by intercepting it at high speed. During the second stage, the hoverfly's forward speed is correlated with the speed of the bead, so that the hoverfly remains close, but without catching it. This may be similar to dragonfly shadowing behavior, previously coined 'motion camouflage'.
能够可视化小的移动物体对于许多动物的生存至关重要,因为这些物体可能代表着捕食者或猎物。例如,捕食性昆虫,包括蜻蜓、盗虻和食虫虻,会优雅地、高速地追逐生物和人工目标。许多非捕食性昆虫,包括雄性食蚜蝇和丽蝇,在领地或求偶行为中也会追逐目标。迄今为止,大多数食蚜蝇的追逐行为都是在户外进行研究的。为了在更受控的环境下研究食蚜蝇(Eristalis tenax)的追逐行为,我们构建了一个足够大的室内竞技场,以鼓励自然行为。我们展示了不同大小、不同速度移动的人工珠子,并使用两个相机拍摄追逐过程,以便随后根据时间对食蚜蝇和珠子的位置进行 3D 重建。我们发现,雄性 E. tenax 食蚜蝇不太可能使用基于角度大小或速度的严格启发式规则来确定何时开始追逐,至少在我们的室内环境中是这样。我们发现,当轨迹涉及向下飞向珠子时,食蚜蝇会追逐更快的珠子。此外,我们还发现,目标追逐行为可以分为两个阶段。在第一阶段,食蚜蝇试图通过高速拦截来快速缩短与目标的距离。在第二阶段,食蚜蝇的前进速度与珠子的速度相关,因此食蚜蝇保持靠近,但不会抓住它。这可能类似于蜻蜓的尾随行为,之前被称为“动态伪装”。
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