Intracranial post-clipping residual or recurrent aneurysms: Current status and treatment options (Review).

Following the clipping of intracranial aneurysms, post-clipping residual or recurrent aneurysms (PCRRAs) can occur. In recent years, the incidence of PCRRAs has increased due to a prolonged follow-up period and advanced imaging techniques. However, several aspects of intracranial PCRRAs remain unclear. Therefore, the present study performed an in-depth review of the literature on PCRRAs. Herein, a summary of PCRRAs that can be divided into the following two categories is presented: i) Those occurring after the incomplete clipping of an aneurysm, where the residual aneurysm regrows into a PCRRA; and ii) those occurring after the complete clipping of an aneurysm, in which a aneurysm occurs at the original aneurysm site. Currently, digital subtracted angiography remains the gold standard for the imaging diagnosis of PCRRAs as it can eliminate metallic clip artifacts. Intracranial symptomatic PCRRAs should be actively treated, particularly those that have ruptured. A number of methods are currently available for the treatment of intracranial PCRRAs; these mainly include re-clipping, endovascular treatment (EVT) and bypass surgery. Currently, re-clipping remains the most effective method used to treat PCRRAs; however, it is a very difficult procedure to perform. EVT can also be used to treat intracranial PCRRAs. EVT methods include coiling (stent- or balloon-assisted) and flow-diverting stents (or coiling-assisted). Bypass surgery can be selected for difficult-to-treat, complex PCRRAs. On the whole, following appropriate treatment, the majority of intracranial PCRRAs achieve a high occlusion rate and a good prognosis.