Martins-Lima Cláudia, Chianese Ugo, Benedetti Rosaria, Altucci Lucia, Jerónimo Carmen, Correia Margareta P
Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group, Research Center of IPO Porto (CI-IPOP)/RISE@CI-IPOP (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto) and Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (Porto.CCC) Raquel Seruca, Porto, Portugal.
Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy.
Front Mol Biosci. 2023 Jan 9;9:1070383. doi: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.1070383. eCollection 2022.
Bladder cancer (BlCa) is a highly immunogenic cancer. Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) is the standard treatment for non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) patients and, recently, second-line immunotherapies have arisen to treat metastatic BlCa patients. Understanding the interactions between tumor cells, immune cells and soluble factors in bladder tumor microenvironment (TME) is crucial. Cytokines and chemokines released in the TME have a dual role, since they can exhibit both a pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory potential, driving infiltration and inflammation, and also promoting evasion of immune system and pro-tumoral effects. In BlCa disease, 70-80% are non-muscle invasive bladder cancer, while 20-30% are muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) at the time of diagnosis. However, during the follow up, about half of treated NMIBC patients recur once or more, with 5-25% progressing to muscle-invasive bladder cancer, which represents a significant concern to the clinic. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is one biological process associated with tumor progression. Specific cytokines present in bladder TME have been related with signaling pathways activation and EMT-related molecules regulation. In this review, we summarized the immune landscape in BlCa TME, along with the most relevant cytokines and their putative role in driving EMT processes, tumor progression, invasion, migration and metastasis formation.
膀胱癌（BlCa）是一种具有高度免疫原性的癌症。卡介苗（BCG）是非肌层浸润性膀胱癌（NMIBC）患者的标准治疗方法，最近，二线免疫疗法也已出现用于治疗转移性BlCa患者。了解膀胱肿瘤微环境（TME）中肿瘤细胞、免疫细胞和可溶性因子之间的相互作用至关重要。TME中释放的细胞因子和趋化因子具有双重作用，因为它们既可以表现出促炎和抗炎潜力，驱动浸润和炎症，也可以促进免疫系统逃逸和肿瘤促进作用。在BlCa疾病中，70-80%为非肌层浸润性膀胱癌，而在诊断时20-30%为肌层浸润性膀胱癌（MIBC）。然而，在随访期间，约一半接受治疗的NMIBC患者会复发一次或多次，其中5-25%会进展为肌层浸润性膀胱癌，这是临床上的一个重大问题。上皮-间质转化（EMT）是一种与肿瘤进展相关的生物学过程。膀胱TME中存在的特定细胞因子与信号通路激活和EMT相关分子调节有关。在本综述中，我们总结了BlCa TME中的免疫格局，以及最相关的细胞因子及其在驱动EMT过程、肿瘤进展、侵袭、迁移和转移形成中的假定作用。
