Hunter Brianna K, Markant Julie
Center for Mind and Brain, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95618, USA; Department of Psychology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA.
Department of Psychology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA; Tulane Brain Institute, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA.
J Exp Child Psychol. 2023 Jun;230:105628. doi: 10.1016/j.jecp.2023.105628. Epub 2023 Jan 25.
Research has established that frequency of exposure to own- and other-race faces shapes the development of face processing biases characterized by enhanced attention to and recognition of more familiar own-race faces, that is, the other-race effect (ORE). The ORE is first evident during infancy based on differences in looking to own- versus other-race faces and is later assessed based on recognition memory task performance during childhood and adulthood. Using these measures, researchers have found that race-based face processing biases initially develop during infancy but remain sensitive to experiences with own- and other-race faces through childhood. In contrast, limited work suggests that infants' attention orienting may be less affected by frequency of exposure to own- and other-race faces. However, the plasticity of race-based face processing biases during childhood suggests that biased orienting to own-race faces may develop at later ages following continued exposure to these faces. We addressed this question by examining 6- to 10-year-old children's attention capture by own- and other-race faces during an online task. Children searched for a target among multiple distractors. During some trials, either an own- or other-race face appeared as one of the distractors. Children showed similar target detection performance (omission errors, accuracy, and response times) regardless of whether an own- or other-race face appeared as a distractor. These results differ from research demonstrating race-based biases in attention holding and recognition memory but converge with previous infant research suggesting that attention orienting might not be as strongly affected by frequency of exposure to race-based information during development.
研究表明，接触本族和其他种族面孔的频率会影响面部加工偏差的发展，其特征是对更熟悉的本族面孔的注意力增强和识别能力提高，即所谓的异族效应（ORE）。基于婴儿观看本族和其他种族面孔的差异，异族效应在婴儿期就首次显现，随后在儿童期和成年期通过识别记忆任务表现进行评估。通过这些测量方法，研究人员发现，基于种族的面部加工偏差最初在婴儿期形成，但在儿童期仍会受到接触本族和其他种族面孔经历的影响。相比之下，有限的研究表明，婴儿的注意力定向可能较少受到接触本族和其他种族面孔频率的影响。然而，儿童期基于种族的面部加工偏差的可塑性表明，在持续接触这些面孔后，对本族面孔的偏向性定向可能会在较晚的年龄段出现。我们通过在线任务研究6至10岁儿童对本族和其他种族面孔的注意力捕捉，以解决这个问题。儿童在多个干扰项中寻找目标。在一些试验中，本族或其他种族的面孔会作为干扰项之一出现。无论本族或其他种族的面孔作为干扰项出现，儿童的目标检测表现（遗漏错误、准确率和反应时间）都相似。这些结果与表明在注意力保持和识别记忆中存在基于种族偏差的研究不同，但与之前的婴儿研究结果一致。之前的研究表明，在发育过程中，注意力定向可能不会受到接触基于种族信息频率的强烈影响。
