Paz David, Pinales Briana E, Castellanos Barbara S, Perez Isaiah, Gil Claudia B, Madrigal Lourdes Jimenez, Reyes-Nava Nayeli G, Castro Victoria L, Sloan Jennifer L, Quintana Anita M
Department of Biological Sciences, Border Biomedical Research Center, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968 USA.
bioRxiv. 2023 Jan 21:2023.01.20.524982. doi: 10.1101/2023.01.20.524982.
Variants in the gene cause combined methylmalonic acidemia and homocystinuria type, the most common inborn error of intracellular cobalamin (vitamin B12) metabolism. is associated with neurodevelopmental, hematological, ocular, and biochemical abnormalities. In a subset of patients, mild craniofacial dysmorphia has also been described. Mouse models of deletion are embryonic lethal but cause severe craniofacial phenotypes such as facial clefts. encodes an enzyme required for cobalamin processing and variants in this gene result in the accumulation of two metabolites: methylmalonic acid (MMA) and homocysteine (HC). Interestingly, other inborn errors of cobalamin metabolism, such as syndrome, are associated with mild facial phenotypes. However, the presence and severity of MMA and HC accumulation in syndrome is not consistent with the presence or absence of facial phenotypes. Thus, the mechanisms by which mutation of cause craniofacial defects have not been completely elucidated. Here we have characterized the craniofacial phenotypes in a zebrafish model of ( ) and performed restoration experiments with either wildtype or a cobalamin binding deficient MMACHC protein. Homozygous mutants did not display gross morphological defects in facial development, but did have abnormal chondrocyte intercalation, which was fully penetrant. Abnormal chondrocyte intercalation was not associated with defects in the expression/localization of neural crest specific markers, or . Most importantly, chondrocyte organization was fully restored by wildtype MMACHC and a cobalamin binding deficient variant of MMACHC protein. Collectively, these data suggest that mutation of causes mild to moderate craniofacial phenotypes that are independent of cobalamin binding.
该基因的变异会导致合并型甲基丙二酸血症和同型胱氨酸尿症,这是细胞内钴胺素(维生素B12)代谢最常见的先天性缺陷。它与神经发育、血液学、眼部和生化异常有关。在一部分患者中,还描述了轻度颅面畸形。该基因缺失的小鼠模型在胚胎期致死,但会导致严重的颅面表型,如面部裂隙。该基因编码钴胺素加工所需的一种酶,该基因的变异会导致两种代谢产物积累:甲基丙二酸(MMA)和同型半胱氨酸(HC)。有趣的是,其他钴胺素代谢的先天性缺陷,如该综合征,与轻度面部表型有关。然而,该综合征中MMA和HC积累的存在及严重程度与面部表型的有无并不一致。因此,该基因突变导致颅面缺陷的机制尚未完全阐明。在这里,我们对该基因(该基因名称缺失)的斑马鱼模型中的颅面表型进行了表征,并用野生型或钴胺素结合缺陷型MMACHC蛋白进行了恢复实验。纯合突变体在面部发育中未表现出明显的形态缺陷,但确实存在软骨细胞插入异常,且完全外显。软骨细胞插入异常与神经嵴特异性标志物(该标志物名称缺失)或(该标志物名称缺失)的表达/定位缺陷无关。最重要的是,野生型MMACHC和MMACHC蛋白的钴胺素结合缺陷变体完全恢复了软骨细胞的组织。总体而言,这些数据表明该基因突变会导致轻度至中度的颅面表型,且与钴胺素结合无关。
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