Nuclear import of IRF11 via the importin α/β pathway is essential for its antiviral activity.

Interferon regulatory factor 11 (IRF11), an intriguing IRF member found only in fish species, has recently been shown to have antiviral properties that are dependent on its nuclear entry and DNA binding affinity. However, the mechanisms by which IRF11 enters the nucleus are unknown. In the present study, we found orthologs of IRF11 in lamprey and lancelet species by combining positional, phylogenetic and structural comparison data, showing that this gene has an ancient origin. The IRF11 gene (AjIRF11) from the Japanese eel, Anguilla japonica, was subsequently characterized, and it was found that AjIRF11 has antiviral activities against spring viremia of carp virus (SVCV), which are accomplished by regulating the production of type I IFN and IFN-stimulated genes. In addition to its known DNA binding residues in the α3 helix, two residues in Loop 1, His40 and Trp46, are also involved in DNA binding and activation of the IFN promoter. Using immunofluorescence microscopy and site-directed mutagenesis analysis, we confirmed that full nuclear localization of AjIRF11 requires the bipartite nuclear localization sequence (NLS) spanning residues 75 to 101, as well as the monopartite NLS situated between residues 119 and 122. Coimmunoprecipitation assays confirmed that AjIRF11 interacts with importin α via its NLSs and can also bind to importin β directly, implying that IRF11 can be imported to the nucleus by one or more transport receptors.