Physician resistance to injustice: A scoping review.

Throughout history, physicians have been involved in acts of resistance to systems of harm and injustice. However, resistance has seemed to have had little legitimate place in physician professionalism or in formal professional practice. As the challenges to physicians and the profession continue to mount, there is a pressing need to understand how it might be articulated and understood. To do that we need to consider past instances of physician resistance to injustice and harm. A scoping review was conducted to understand how often and in what contexts physicians have been engaged in resistance. A search of multiple bibliographic databases returned 2123 papers, which, after filtering for relevance and inclusion, left 60 articles for full-text review. Of these, 95% were from the United States, suggesting that issues of legitimacy are even more acute outside the U.S. Narrative findings were organized around four themes: professional responsibility to resist, legitimate resistance, resistance to perceived threats, and resistance as moral agency. When physicians have resisted, they have done so with a sense of moral agency albeit with different levels of altruism. They have often engaged in resistance when they felt their personal and professional interests are threatened, with particular emphasis on threats to physician autonomy. The study suggests that, within the U.S. at least, physician resistance is a matter for concern but, it has been approached with little or no guidance or grounding. Moreover, there is a longstanding tension between those who have argued that physicians have a professional responsibility to resist and those who have considered resistance to be extraneous and even harmful to their work as healers. At a time when physicians are facing an ever-growing number of practical, ethical, and moral challenges, professional acts of resistance are of critical concern within the profession.