Microporous melamine-formaldehyde networks loaded on rice husks for dynamic removal of organic micropollutants.

The alteration of agricultural wastes into novel adsorbents can stimulate their scalability in realistic application, showing great economic and environmental advantages. Here, we proposed a strategy to engineer rice husk (RH) with microporous melamine-formaldehyde networks (MFNs) resins and the utilization for dynamic removal of organic micropollutants rapidly and efficiently. was pre-treated to acquire attractive surface and unique hierarchical porosity, endowing with surface functionalization and essential filtering properties. MFNs can be uniformly generated in-situ on the fully exposed cellulose backbones of the pre-treated RH. MFNs granules functionalized RH (RH@MFNs) exhibited high removal efficiencies over 90% within 30 min for the adsorption of hazardous organic compounds (e.g., phenolic and antibiotic micropollutants) in static tests. Experiment results and density functional theory (DFT) simulation revealed that the synergy of hydrogen bonding, π-πinteraction, and micropore preservation dominates the adsorption. Further dynamic adsorption experiments showed that the removal efficiency and equilibrium removal capacity towards bisphenol A by RH@MFNs packed bed up-flow column were 2.6 and 67 times higher than that of raw RH, respectively. The column adsorption fits well with the Thomas model and bed depth service time (BDST) kinetic model. The inherent macropores inside RH and the roughness caused by the spiky structures and mesopores outside RH, as well as the accumulated MFNs granules, can lead to local turbulence of water flow around RH@MFNs, enabling fast and efficient adsorption. This sustainable and cost-effective preparation of RH-based adsorbents sheds light on the rational design of biomass waste adsorbents for realistic wastewater.