Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Rzeszów, Pigonia 1, 35-310, Rzeszow, Poland.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2023 Apr;30(16):47727-47741. doi: 10.1007/s11356-023-25669-3. Epub 2023 Feb 6.
Nowadays, chemical pesticides are the most widespread measure used to control crop pests and diseases. However, their negative side effects prompted the researchers to search for alternative options that were safer for the environment and people. Pesticide biodegradation by microorganisms seems to be the most reasonable alternative. The aim of the laboratory studies was to assess the influence of Bacillus subtilis and Trichoderma harzianum, used separately and combined together, on fluopyram and tebuconazole degradation. In field studies, the degradation of fluopyram and tebuconazole after the application of the biological preparation in apples was investigated. The results from the laboratory studies show that the greatest decomposition of fluopyram and tebuconazole was observed in tests with T. harzianum in a range of 74.3-81.5% and 44.5-49.2%, respectively. The effectiveness of fluopyram degradation by B. subtilis was 7.5%, while tebuconazole inhibited bacterial cell growth and no degradation was observed. The mixture of microorganisms affected the degradation of fluopyram in a range of 8.3-24.1% and tebuconazole in a range of 6.1-23.3%. The results from the field studies show that degradation increased from 3.1 to 30.8% for fluopyram and from 0.4 to 14.3% for tebuconazole when compared to control samples. The first-order kinetics models were used to simulate the residue dissipation in apples. For the determination of pesticide residues, the QuEChERS method for apple sample preparation was performed, followed by GC-MS/MS technique. Immediately after the treatments, the maximum residue level (MRL) values for tebuconazole were exceeded, and it was equal to 100.7% MRL for the Red Jonaprince variety and 132.3% MRL for the Gala variety. Thus, preharvest time is recommended to obtain apples in which the concentration of pesticides is below the MRL and which can be recognized as safe for humans.
如今，化学农药是防治作物病虫害最广泛使用的措施。然而，其负面副作用促使研究人员寻找对环境和人类更安全的替代方案。微生物对农药的生物降解似乎是最合理的选择。实验室研究的目的是评估枯草芽孢杆菌和哈茨木霉单独使用和联合使用对氟吡唑和戊唑醇降解的影响。在田间研究中，研究了在苹果上应用生物制剂后氟吡唑和戊唑醇的降解情况。实验室研究结果表明，在哈茨木霉试验中，氟吡唑和戊唑醇的最大分解率分别为 74.3-81.5%和 44.5-49.2%。枯草芽孢杆菌对氟吡唑的降解效果为 7.5%，而戊唑醇抑制了细菌细胞的生长，未观察到降解。混合微生物影响氟吡唑的降解范围为 8.3-24.1%，戊唑醇的降解范围为 6.1-23.3%。田间研究结果表明，与对照样品相比，氟吡唑的降解率从 3.1%增加到 30.8%，戊唑醇的降解率从 0.4%增加到 14.3%。采用一级动力学模型模拟苹果中农药残留的消解。为了测定农药残留量，采用 QuEChERS 法对苹果样品进行前处理，然后采用 GC-MS/MS 技术。处理后立即，戊唑醇的最大残留限量（MRL）值超过了规定值，红乔纳金品种的 MRL 值为 100.7%，嘎拉品种的 MRL 值为 132.3%。因此，建议在收获前一段时间获得农药浓度低于 MRL 且可被认为对人类安全的苹果。
