Reliability of WhatsApp images of plain radiographs to diagnose fractures of the hand and wrist.

We assessed the reliability of plain radiographs interpreted through WhatsApp messaging system in orthopaedic hand trauma consultation in a large teaching hospital. Plain radiographs of 25 hand fractures and five normal radiographs were captured from a picture archiving and communication system using iPhone XS smartphone, anonymized and sent to 53 orthopaedic residents' and consultants' personal smartphones. The participants independently assessed the images and answered questions on fracture identification and characteristics, diagnostic confidence, further imaging and surgical inclination. The study was repeated after a 1-month washout period using the picture archiving and communication system on the hospital desktop. The results showed good (0.60 < ƙ < 0.80) intraobserver agreement on fracture identification and characteristics. The overall diagnostic accuracy for hand fractures was 95% on WhatsApp and 99% on the desktop. In conclusion, images of plain radiographs transmitted via WhatsApp were reliable for interpretation in orthopaedic hand trauma consultation. IV.