Enhanced crude oil degradation by remodeling of crude oil-contaminated soil microbial community structure using sodium alginate/graphene oxide/Bacillus C5 immobilized pellets.

Bioaugmentation (BA) of oil-contaminated soil by immobilized microorganisms is considered to be a promising technology. However, available high-efficiency microbial agents remain very limited. Therefore, we prepared a SA/GO/C5 immobilized gel pellets by embedding the highly efficient crude oil degrading bacteria Bacillus C5 in the SA/GO composite material. The optimum preparation conditions of SA/GO/C5 immobilized gel pellets were: SA 3.0%, GO 25.0 μg/mL, embedding amount of C5 6%, water bath temperature of 50°C, CaCl solution concentration 3% and cross-linking time 20 h. BA experiments were carried out on crude oil contaminated soil to explore the removal effect of SA/GO/C5 immobilized pellets. The results showed that the SA/GO/C5 pellets exhibited excellent mechanical strength and specific surface area, which facilitated the attachment and growth of the Bacillus C5. Compared with free bacteria C5, the addition of SA/GO/C5 significantly promoted the removal of crude oil in soil, reaching 64.92% after 30 d, which was 2.1 times the removal rate of C5. The addition of SA/GO/C5 promoted the abundance of soil exogenous Bacillus C5 and indigenous crude oil degrading bacteria Alcanivorax and Marinobacter. In addition, the enrichment of hydrocarbon degradation-related functional abundance was predicted by PICRUSt2 in the SA/GO/C5 treatment group. This study demonstrated that SA/GO/C5 is an effective method for remediating crude oil-contaminated soil, providing a basis and option for immobilized microorganisms bioaugmentation to remediate organic contaminated soil.