Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering and Digital Sciences, Nazarbayev University, Kabanbay Batyr Ave. 53, Nur-Sultan, 010000, Kazakhstan; Department of Chemical Engineering, Masjed-Soleiman Branch, Islamic Azad University, Masjed-Soleiman, Iran.
Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros Do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos S/n, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal; Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal; Departamento de Bioloxía Vexetal e Ciencia Do Solo, Área de Edafoloxía e Química Agrícola, Facultade de Ciencias de Ourense, Universidade de Vigo, As Lagoas S/n, Ourense, 32004, Spain.
Environ Pollut. 2023 Apr 15;323:121232. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121232. Epub 2023 Feb 10.
PM-associated potential toxic elements (PTEs) can enter the respiratory system and cause health problems. In the current study, the health risk indices caused by PM inhalation by adults, children, and infants in 158 European cities between 2013 and 2019 were studied to determine if Europeans were adversely affected by carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic factors or not. The Mann-Kendall trend test examined PM's increasing or decreasing trend. Random Forest analysis was also used to analyse meteorological factors affecting PM in Europe. Hazard quotient and cancer risk were estimated using PM-associated PTEs. Our results showed a decline in continental PM concentrations. The correlation between PM concentrations and temperature (-0.40), PBLH (-0.39), and precipitation were statistically strong (-0.21). The estimated Pearson correlation coefficients showed a statistically strong positive correlation between As & Pb, As & Cd, and Cd & Pb during 2013-2019, indicating a similar origin. PTEs with hazard quotients below one, regardless of subpopulation type, posed no noncancerous risk to Europeans. The hazard quotient values positively correlated with time, possibly due to elevated PTE levels. In our study on carcinogen pollution in Europe between 2013 and 2019, we found unacceptable levels of As, Cd, Ni, and Pb among adults, children, and infants. Carcinogenic risk rates were highest for children, followed by infants, adult women, and adult men. Therefore, besides monitoring and mitigating PM concentrations, effective control of PM sources is also needed.
与 PM 相关的潜在有毒元素 (PTEs) 可进入呼吸系统，引发健康问题。在当前的研究中，研究了 2013 年至 2019 年间 158 个欧洲城市成年人、儿童和婴儿吸入 PM 造成的健康风险指数，以确定欧洲人是否受到致癌和非致癌因素的不利影响。Mann-Kendall 趋势检验检查了 PM 的增加或减少趋势。还使用随机森林分析来分析影响欧洲 PM 的气象因素。使用与 PM 相关的 PTEs 估计了危害商和癌症风险。我们的研究结果显示，大陆 PM 浓度呈下降趋势。PM 浓度与温度（-0.40）、边界层高度（-0.39）和降水之间存在很强的相关性（-0.21）。Pearson 相关系数的估计显示，2013-2019 年期间 As 和 Pb、As 和 Cd 以及 Cd 和 Pb 之间存在很强的正相关，表明它们具有相似的来源。无论亚人群类型如何，危害商值低于 1 的 PTE 不会对欧洲人造成非癌症风险。危害商值与时间呈正相关，这可能是由于 PTE 水平升高所致。在我们对 2013 年至 2019 年欧洲致癌污染物的研究中，我们发现成年人、儿童和婴儿体内的 As、Cd、Ni 和 Pb 含量处于不可接受的水平。儿童的致癌风险率最高，其次是婴儿、成年女性和成年男性。因此，除了监测和减轻 PM 浓度外，还需要有效控制 PM 源。
