Naufal Fahd, Brady Christopher J, Muñoz Beatriz, Mkocha Harran, West Sheila K
Dana Center for Preventive Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA.
Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 2024 Dec;31(6):605-610. doi: 10.1080/09286586.2023.2174559. Epub 2023 Feb 12.
As training of trachoma graders using live participants grows increasingly difficult and expensive, alternative ways are needed possibly through replacement of field grading with photography. However, minimum specifications for a camera system capable of capturing high quality images have not been defined. This study compared images captured using four smartphones with those from a Nikon SLR camera for image quality and assessment of trachomatous inflammation - follicular (TF).
The smartphones - Samsung Galaxy S8 (S8), Techno Camon 17 pro (TC), Infinix Note 10 pro (IN), Huawei p30 pro (HP) - were chosen for their availability and likelihood of good performance based on specifications without external attachments. All smartphones were used in random order for each participant.
129 children in Kongwa, Tanzania were enrolled (32.8% TF prevalence). The SLR camera had the least percent of ungradable images (3.1%), followed by the S8 (14%), HP (23.4%), IN (65.9%), and TC (71.2%). The S8 and the HP were significantly more likely to take ungradable images if they were used toward the end of the camera rotation. Agreement between the SLR and field grade was kappa = 0.73. Agreement between the field grade and gradable images from the S8 (0.68) and HP (0.8) was measured.
Published specifications did not predict the success of using different smartphones for everted eyelid photographs; proprietary post-processing software likely influenced gradeability. Smartphones, though we cannot recommend those tested in this study, may be viable for capturing images for trachoma provided the quality of images from the field are adequate.
由于利用现场参与者对沙眼分级员进行培训变得越来越困难且成本高昂，因此可能需要通过用摄影取代现场分级的替代方法。然而，能够捕获高质量图像的相机系统的最低规格尚未确定。本研究比较了使用四部智能手机拍摄的图像与尼康单反相机拍摄的图像的质量以及沙眼滤泡性炎症（TF）的评估情况。
选择三星Galaxy S8（S8）、Techno Camon 17 pro（TC）、Infinix Note 10 pro（IN）、华为p30 pro（HP）这几款智能手机，是基于其可用性以及在无外部附件情况下表现良好的可能性。对每位参与者，所有智能手机均以随机顺序使用。
在坦桑尼亚的孔瓜，129名儿童参与研究（TF患病率为32.8%）。单反相机不可分级图像的百分比最低（3.1%），其次是S8（14%）、HP（23.4%）、IN（65.9%）和TC（71.2%）。如果在相机轮换接近尾声时使用S8和HP，它们拍摄不可分级图像的可能性显著更高。单反相机与现场分级之间的一致性kappa值为0.73。测量了现场分级与S8（0.68）和HP（0.8）可分级图像之间的一致性。
已公布的规格并不能预测使用不同智能手机拍摄外翻眼睑照片的成功率；专有的后期处理软件可能影响了分级能力。智能手机虽然我们不能推荐本研究中测试的那些型号，但如果现场图像质量足够，对于沙眼图像的拍摄可能是可行的。
