Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.
Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
Am J Biol Anthropol. 2023 Feb;180(2):298-315. doi: 10.1002/ajpa.24666. Epub 2022 Nov 23.
Mitochondrial DNA haplogroup J is the third most frequent haplogroup in modern-day Scandinavia, although it did not originate there. To infer the genetic history of haplogroup J in Scandinavia, we examined worldwide mitogenome sequences using a maximum-likelihood phylogenetic approach.
Haplogroup J mitogenome sequences were gathered from GenBank (n = 2245) and aligned against the ancestral Reconstructed Sapiens Reference Sequence. We also analyzed haplogroup J Viking Age sequences from the European Nucleotide Archive (n = 54). Genetic distances were estimated from these data and projected onto a maximum likelihood rooted phylogenetic tree to analyze clustering and branching dates.
Haplogroup J originated approximately 42.6 kya (95% CI: 30.0-64.7), with several of its earliest branches being found within the Arabian Peninsula and Northern Africa. J1b was found most frequently in the Near East and Arabian Peninsula, while J1c occurred most frequently in Europe. Based on phylogenetic dating, subhaplogroup J1c has its early roots in the Mediterranean and Western Balkans. Otherwise, the majority of the branches found in Scandinavia are younger than those seen elsewhere, indicating that haplogroup J dispersed relatively recently into Northern Europe, most plausibly with Neolithic farmers.
Haplogroup J appeared when Scandinavia was transitioning to agriculture over 6 kya, with J1c being the most common lineage there today. Changes in the distribution of haplogroup J mtDNAs were likely driven by the expansion of farming from West Asia into Southern Europe, followed by a later expansion into Scandinavia, with other J subhaplogroups appearing among Scandinavian groups as early as the Viking Age.
线粒体 DNA 单倍群 J 是现代斯堪的纳维亚地区第三常见的单倍群，尽管它并非起源于那里。为了推断斯堪的纳维亚地区 J 单倍群的遗传历史，我们使用最大似然系统发育方法对全球范围内的线粒体基因组序列进行了研究。
从 GenBank（n=2245）中收集 J 单倍群线粒体基因组序列，并与祖先重建的智人参考序列进行比对。我们还分析了欧洲核苷酸档案中的 J 单倍群维京时代序列（n=54）。从这些数据中估计遗传距离，并将其投影到最大似然根系统发育树上，以分析聚类和分支日期。
J 单倍群起源于大约 42.6 千年前（95%置信区间：30.0-64.7），其最早的分支中有几个位于阿拉伯半岛和北非。J1b 最常见于近东和阿拉伯半岛，而 J1c 最常见于欧洲。根据系统发育日期推断，J1c 亚单倍群的早期根源在地中海和西巴尔干地区。否则，在斯堪的纳维亚发现的大多数分支比其他地方的分支年轻，表明 J 单倍群相对较近才扩散到北欧，最有可能是随着新石器时代的农民一起扩散的。
当斯堪的纳维亚在 6 千年前向农业过渡时，J 单倍群出现了，而 J1c 是当今那里最常见的谱系。J 单倍群 mtDNA 分布的变化可能是由于西亚农业向欧洲南部的扩张所驱动的，随后在斯堪的纳维亚进一步扩张，其他 J 亚单倍群早在维京时代就出现在斯堪的纳维亚群体中。
